Multiple sidelink control transmissions during a sidelink control period

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the allocation of radio resources by a transmitting user equipment to perform a plurality of direct SL transmissions to one or more receiving user equipments. The allocation of radio resources within a SC period is restricted, for the SC period, by a maximum number of SL processes with which a transmitting user equipment is configured. A plurality of SL grants is acquired. Among the acquired SL grants a number of those SL grants is selected that have most recently been acquired before the start of the subsequent SC period. A plurality of SL processes is associated such that each of the plurality of SL process is associated with a different one of the selected number of SL grants. For each of the plurality of the SL processes, the radio resources are allocated. Each of the plurality of SL transmissions comprises at least one SCI transmission and at least one data transmission over the SL interface.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to allocation mechanisms of radioresources to a transmitting user equipment to perform multiple directsidelink transmissions during a sidelink period over a sidelinkinterface to one or more receiving user equipments. In this respect, thepresent disclosure defines methods for the allocation mechanism and alsouser equipments applying the allocation mechanism described herein.

Description of the Related Art

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Third-generation mobile systems (3G) based on WCDMA radio-accesstechnology are being deployed on a broad scale all around the world. Afirst step in enhancing or evolving this technology entails introducingHigh-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and an enhanced uplink, alsoreferred to as High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), giving a radioaccess technology that is highly competitive.

In order to be prepared for further increasing user demands and to becompetitive against new radio access technologies, 3GPP introduced a newmobile communication system which is called Long Term Evolution (LTE).LTE is designed to meet the carrier needs for high speed data and mediatransport as well as high capacity voice support for the next decade.The ability to provide high bit rates is a key measure for LTE.

The work item (WI) specification on Long-Term Evolution (LTE) calledEvolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and UMTS Terrestrial RadioAccess Network (UTRAN) is finalized as Release 8 (LTE Rel. 8). The LTEsystem represents efficient packet-based radio access and radio accessnetworks that provide full IP-based functionalities with low latency andlow cost. In LTE, scalable multiple transmission bandwidths arespecified such as 1.4, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 MHz, in order toachieve flexible system deployment using a given spectrum. In thedownlink, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radioaccess was adopted because of its inherent immunity to multipathinterference (MPI) due to a low symbol rate, the use of a cyclic prefix(CP) and its affinity to different transmission bandwidth arrangements.Single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA)-based radioaccess was adopted in the uplink, since provisioning of wide areacoverage was prioritized over improvement in the peak data rateconsidering the restricted transmit power of the user equipment (UE).Many key packet radio access techniques are employed includingmultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel transmission techniquesand a highly efficient control signaling structure is achieved in LTERel. 8/9.

LTE Architecture

The overall LTE architecture is shown in FIG. 1. The E-UTRAN consists ofan eNodeB, providing the E-UTRA user plane (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) andcontrol plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the user equipment(UE). The eNodeB (eNB) hosts the Physical (PHY), Medium Access Control(MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC) and Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP)layers that include the functionality of user-plane header compressionand encryption. It also offers Radio Resource Control (RRC)functionality corresponding to the control plane. It performs manyfunctions including radio resource management, admission control,scheduling, enforcement of negotiated uplink Quality of Service (QoS),cell information broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and controlplane data, and compression/decompression of downlink/uplink user planepacket headers. The eNodeBs are interconnected with each other by meansof the X2 interface.

The eNodeBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC(Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility ManagementEntity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (SGW) by meansof the S1-U. The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relation betweenMMEs/Serving Gateways and eNodeBs. The SGW routes and forwards user datapackets, while also acting as the mobility anchor for the user planeduring inter-eNodeB handovers and as the anchor for mobility between LTEand other 3GPP technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying thetraffic between 2G/3G systems and PDN GW). For idle-state userequipments, the SGW terminates the downlink data path and triggerspaging when downlink data arrives for the user equipment. It manages andstores user equipment contexts, e.g., parameters of the IP bearerservice, or network internal routing information. It also performsreplication of the user traffic in case of lawful interception.

The MME is the key control-node for the LTE access-network. It isresponsible for idle-mode user equipment tracking and paging procedureincluding retransmissions. It is involved in the beareractivation/deactivation process and is also responsible for choosing theSGW for a user equipment at the initial attach and at the time ofintra-LTE handover involving Core Network (CN) node relocation. It isresponsible for authenticating the user (by interacting with the HSS).The Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling terminates at the MME, and it isalso responsible for the generation and allocation of temporaryidentities to user equipments. It checks the authorization of the userequipment to camp on the service provider's Public Land Mobile Network(PLMN) and enforces user equipment roaming restrictions. The MME is thetermination point in the network for ciphering/integrity protection forNAS signaling and handles the security key management. Lawfulinterception of signaling is also supported by the MME. The MME alsoprovides the control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3Gaccess networks with the S3 interface terminating at the MME from theSGSN. The MME also terminates the S6a interface towards the home HSS forroaming user equipments.

Component Carrier Structure in LTE

The downlink component carrier of a 3GPP LTE system is subdivided in thetime-frequency domain in so-called subframes. In 3GPP LTE each subframeis divided into two downlink slots as shown in FIG. 2, wherein the firstdownlink slot comprises the control channel region (PDCCH region) withinthe first OFDM symbols. Each subframe consists of a give number of OFDMsymbols in the time domain (12 or 14 OFDM symbols in 3GPP LTE (Release8)), wherein each OFDM symbol spans over the entire bandwidth of thecomponent carrier. The OFDM symbols thus each consist of a number ofmodulation symbols transmitted on respective subcarriers. In LTE, thetransmitted signal in each slot is described by a resource grid ofN_(RB) ^(DL)N_(sc) ^(RB) subcarriers and N_(symb) ^(DL) OFDM symbols.N_(RB) ^(DL) is the number of resource blocks within the bandwidth. Thequantity N_(RB) ^(DL) depends on the downlink transmission bandwidthconfigured in the cell and shall fulfill N_(RB) ^(min,DL)≤_(RB)^(DL)≤_(RB) ^(max,DL), where N_(RB) ^(min,DL)=6 and N_(RB) ^(max,DL)=110are respectively the smallest and the largest downlink bandwidths,supported by the current version of the specification. N_(sc) ^(RB) isthe number of subcarriers within one resource block. For normal cyclicprefix subframe structure, N_(sc) ^(RB)=12 and N_(symb) ^(DL)=7.

Assuming a multi-carrier communication system, e.g., employing OFDM, asfor example used in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), the smallest unit ofresources that can be assigned by the scheduler is one “resource block”.A physical resource block (PRB) is defined as consecutive OFDM symbolsin the time domain (e.g., 7 OFDM symbols) and consecutive subcarriers inthe frequency domain as exemplified in FIG. 2 (e.g., 12 subcarriers fora component carrier). In 3GPP LTE (Release 8), a physical resource blockthus consists of resource elements, corresponding to one slot in thetime domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain (for further details onthe downlink resource grid, see for example 3GPP TS 36.211, “EvolvedUniversal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels andModulation (Release 8)”, section 6.2, available at http://www.3gpp.organd incorporated herein by reference).

One subframe consists of two slots, so that there are 14 OFDM symbols ina subframe when a so-called “normal” CP (cyclic prefix) is used, and 12OFDM symbols in a subframe when a so-called “extended” CP is used. Forsake of terminology, in the following the time-frequency resourcesequivalent to the same consecutive subcarriers spanning a full subframeis called a “resource block pair”, or equivalent “RB pair” or “PRBpair”.

The term “component carrier” refers to a combination of several resourceblocks in the frequency domain. In LTE, the term “component carrier” isno longer used; instead, the terminology is changed to “cell”, whichrefers to a combination of downlink and optionally uplink resources. Thelinking between the carrier frequency of the downlink resources and thecarrier frequency of the uplink resources is indicated in the systeminformation transmitted on the downlink resources.

Similar assumptions for the component carrier structure will apply tolater releases too.

Carrier Aggregation in LTE-A for Support of Wider Bandwidth

The frequency spectrum for IMT-Advanced was decided at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2007 (WRC-07). Although the overall frequencyspectrum for IMT-Advanced was decided, the actual available frequencybandwidth is different according to each region or country. Followingthe decision on the available frequency spectrum outline, however,standardization of a radio interface started in the 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP). At the 3GPP TSG RAN #39 meeting, the StudyItem description on “Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced)” wasapproved. The study item covers technology components to be consideredfor the evolution of E-UTRA, e.g., to fulfill the requirements onIMT-Advanced.

The bandwidth that the LTE-Advanced system is able to support is 100MHz, while an LTE system can only support 20 MHz. Nowadays, the lack ofradio spectrum has become a bottleneck of the development of wirelessnetworks, and as a result it is difficult to find a spectrum band whichis wide enough for the LTE-Advanced system. Consequently, it is urgentto find a way to gain a wider radio spectrum band, wherein a possibleanswer is the carrier aggregation functionality.

In carrier aggregation, two or more component carriers are aggregated inorder to support wider transmission bandwidths up to 100 MHz. Severalcells in the LTE system are aggregated into one wider channel in theLTE-Advanced system which is wide enough for 100 MHz even though thesecells in LTE may be in different frequency bands.

All component carriers can be configured to be LTE Rel. 8/9 compatible,at least when the bandwidth of a component carrier does not exceed thesupported bandwidth of an LTE Rel. 8/9 cell. Not all component carriersaggregated by a user equipment may necessarily be Rel. 8/9 compatible.Existing mechanisms (e.g., barring) may be used to avoid Rel-8/9 userequipments to camp on a component carrier.

A user equipment may simultaneously receive or transmit on one ormultiple component carriers (corresponding to multiple serving cells)depending on its capabilities. An LTE-A Rel. 10 user equipment withreception and/or transmission capabilities for carrier aggregation cansimultaneously receive and/or transmit on multiple serving cells,whereas an LTE Rel. 8/9 user equipment can receive and transmit on asingle serving cell only, provided that the structure of the componentcarrier follows the Rel. 8/9 specifications.

Carrier aggregation is supported for both contiguous and non-contiguouscomponent carriers with each component carrier limited to a maximum of110 Resource Blocks in the frequency domain (using the 3GPP LTE (Release8/9) numerology).

It is possible to configure a 3GPP LTE-A (Release 10)-compatible userequipment to aggregate a different number of component carriersoriginating from the same eNodeB (base station) and of possiblydifferent bandwidths in the uplink and the downlink. The number ofdownlink component carriers that can be configured depends on thedownlink aggregation capability of the UE. Conversely, the number ofuplink component carriers that can be configured depends on the uplinkaggregation capability of the UE. It may currently not be possible toconfigure a mobile terminal with more uplink component carriers thandownlink component carriers. In a typical TDD deployment the number ofcomponent carriers and the bandwidth of each component carrier in uplinkand downlink is the same. Component carriers originating from the sameeNodeB need not provide the same coverage.

The spacing between center frequencies of contiguously aggregatedcomponent carriers shall be a multiple of 300 kHz. This is in order tobe compatible with the 100 kHz frequency raster of 3GPP LTE (Release8/9) and at the same time to preserve orthogonality of the subcarrierswith 15 kHz spacing. Depending on the aggregation scenario, the n×300kHz spacing can be facilitated by insertion of a low number of unusedsubcarriers between contiguous component carriers.

The nature of the aggregation of multiple carriers is only exposed up tothe MAC layer. For both uplink and downlink there is one HARQ entityrequired in MAC for each aggregated component carrier. There is (in theabsence of SU-MIMO for uplink) at most one transport block per componentcarrier. A transport block and its potential HARQ retransmissions needto be mapped on the same component carrier.

When carrier aggregation is configured, the mobile terminal only has oneRRC connection with the network. At RRC connectionestablishment/re-establishment, one cell provides the security input(one ECGI, one PCI and one ARFCN) and the non-access stratum mobilityinformation (e.g., TAI) similarly as in LTE Rel. 8/9. After RRCconnection establishment/re-establishment, the component carriercorresponding to that cell is referred to as the downlink Primary Cell(PCell). There is always one and only one downlink PCell (DL PCell) andone uplink PCell (UL PCell) configured per user equipment in connectedstate. Within the configured set of component carriers, other cells arereferred to as Secondary Cells (SCells); with carriers of the SCellbeing the Downlink Secondary Component Carrier (DL SCC) and UplinkSecondary Component Carrier (UL SCC). Maximum five serving cells,including the PCell, can be configured for one UE.

The characteristics of the downlink and uplink PCell are:

-   -   For each SCell the usage of uplink resources by the UE in        addition to the downlink ones is configurable (the number of DL        SCCs configured is therefore always larger or equal to the        number of UL SCCs, and no SCell can be configured for usage of        uplink resources only)    -   The downlink PCell cannot be de-activated, unlike SCells    -   Re-establishment is triggered when the downlink PCell        experiences Rayleigh fading (RLF), not when downlink SCells        experience RLF    -   Non-access stratum information is taken from the downlink PCell    -   PCell can only be changed with handover procedure (i.e., with        security key change and RACH procedure)    -   PCell is used for transmission of PUCCH    -   The uplink PCell is used for transmission of Layer 1 uplink        control information    -   From a UE viewpoint, each uplink resource only belongs to one        serving cell

The configuration and reconfiguration, as well as addition and removal,of component carriers can be performed by RRC. Activation anddeactivation is done via MAC control elements. At intra-LTE handover,RRC can also add, remove, or reconfigure SCells for usage in the targetcell. When adding a new SCell, dedicated RRC signaling is used forsending the system information of the SCell, the information beingnecessary for transmission/reception (similarly as in Rel-8/9 forhandover). Each SCell is configured with a serving cell index, when theSCell is added to one UE; PCell has always the serving cell index 0.

When a user equipment is configured with carrier aggregation there is atleast one pair of uplink and downlink component carriers that is alwaysactive. The downlink component carrier of that pair might be alsoreferred to as ‘DL anchor carrier’. Same applies also for the uplink.

When carrier aggregation is configured, a user equipment may bescheduled on multiple component carriers simultaneously, but at most onerandom access procedure shall be ongoing at any time. Cross-carrierscheduling allows the PDCCH of a component carrier to schedule resourceson another component carrier. For this purpose a component carrieridentification field is introduced in the respective DCI (DownlinkControl Information) formats, called CIF.

A linking, established by RRC signaling, between uplink and downlinkcomponent carriers allows identifying the uplink component carrier forwhich the grant applies when there is no cross-carrier scheduling. Thelinkage of downlink component carriers to uplink component carrier doesnot necessarily need to be one to one. In other words, more than onedownlink component carrier can link to the same uplink componentcarrier. At the same time, a downlink component carrier can only link toone uplink component carrier.

Uplink Access Scheme for LTE

For uplink transmission, power-efficient user-terminal transmission isnecessary to maximize coverage. Single-carrier transmission combinedwith FDMA with dynamic bandwidth allocation has been chosen as theevolved UTRA uplink transmission scheme. The main reason for thepreference for single-carrier transmission is the lower peak-to-averagepower ratio (PAPR), compared to multi-carrier signals (OFDMA), and thecorresponding improved power-amplifier efficiency and improved coverage(higher data rates for a given terminal peak power). During each timeinterval, Node B assigns users a unique time/frequency resource fortransmitting user data, thereby ensuring intra-cell orthogonality. Anorthogonal access in the uplink promises increased spectral efficiencyby eliminating intra-cell interference. Interference due to multipathpropagation is handled at the base station (Node B), aided by insertionof a cyclic prefix in the transmitted signal.

The basic physical resource used for data transmission consists of afrequency resource of size BWgrant during one time interval, e.g., asubframe of 0.5 ms, onto which coded information bits are mapped. Itshould be noted that a subframe, also referred to as transmission timeinterval (TTI), is the smallest time interval for user datatransmission. It is however possible to assign a frequency resourceBWgrant over a longer time period than one TTI to a user byconcatenation of subframes.

UL Scheduling Scheme for LTE

The uplink scheme in LTE allows for both scheduled access, i.e.,controlled by eNB, and contention-based access.

In case of scheduled access, the UE is allocated by the eNB a certainfrequency resource for a certain time (i.e., a time/frequency resource)for uplink data transmission. Some time/frequency resources can beallocated for contention-based access, within which the UEs can transmitwithout first being scheduled by the eNB. One scenario where UE ismaking a contention-based access is for example the random access, i.e.,when UE is performing an initial access to a cell or for requestinguplink resources.

For the scheduled access the Node B scheduler assigns a user a uniquefrequency/time resource for uplink data transmission. More specificallythe scheduler determines

-   -   which UE(s) is (are) allowed to transmit,    -   which physical channel resources,    -   Transport format (Modulation Coding Scheme, MCS) to be used by        the mobile terminal for the transmission

The allocation information is then signaled to the UE via a schedulinggrant, sent on the L1/L2 control channel. For simplicity reasons thischannel is called uplink grant channel in the following.Correspondingly, a scheduling grant message contains information whichpart of the frequency band the UE is allowed to use, the validity periodof the grant, and the transport format the UE has to use for theupcoming uplink transmission. The shortest validity period is onesub-frame. Additional information may also be included in the grantmessage, depending on the selected scheme. Only “per UE” grants are usedto grant the right to transmit on the UL-SCH (i.e., there are no “per UEper RB” grants). Therefore, the UE needs to distribute the allocatedresources among the radio bearers according to some rules. Unlike inHSUPA, there is no UE-based transport format selection. The eNB decidesthe transport format based on some information, e.g., reportedscheduling information and QoS info, and the UE has to follow theselected transport format. In HSUPA the Node B assigns the maximumuplink resource, and the UE selects accordingly the actual transportformat for the data transmissions.

Since the scheduling of radio resources is the most important functionin a shared-channel access network for determining Quality of Service,there are a number of requirements that should be fulfilled by the ULscheduling scheme for LTE in order to allow for an efficient QoSmanagement.

-   -   Starvation of low priority services should be avoided    -   Clear QoS differentiation for radio bearers/services should be        supported by the scheduling scheme    -   The UL reporting should allow fine granular buffer reports        (e.g., per radio bearer or per radio bearer group) in order to        allow the eNB scheduler to identify for which Radio        Bearer/service data is to be sent.    -   It should be possible to make clear QoS differentiation between        services of different users    -   It should be possible to provide a minimum bit rate per radio        bearer

As can be seen from above list, one essential aspect of the LTEscheduling scheme is to provide mechanisms with which the operator cancontrol the partitioning of its aggregated cell capacity between theradio bearers of the different QoS classes. The QoS class of a radiobearer is identified by the QoS profile of the corresponding SAE bearersignaled from AGW to eNB as described before. An operator can thenallocate a certain amount of its aggregated cell capacity to theaggregated traffic associated with radio bearers of a certain QoS class.The main goal of employing this class-based approach is to be able todifferentiate the treatment of packets depending on the QoS class theybelong to.

Layer 1/Layer 2 Control Signaling

In order to inform the scheduled users about their allocation status,transport format, and other transmission-related information (e.g., HARQinformation, transmit power control (TPC) commands), L1/L2 controlsignaling is transmitted on the downlink along with the data. L1/L2control signaling is multiplexed with the downlink data in a subframe,assuming that the user allocation can change from subframe to subframe.It should be noted that user allocation might also be performed on a TTI(Transmission Time Interval) basis, where the TTI length can be amultiple of the subframes. The TTI length may be fixed in a service areafor all users, may be different for different users, or may even bydynamic for each user. Generally, the L1/2 control signaling needs onlybe transmitted once per TTI. Without loss of generality, the followingassumes that a TTI is equivalent to one subframe.

The L1/L2 control signaling is transmitted on the Physical DownlinkControl Channel (PDCCH). A PDCCH carries a message as a Downlink ControlInformation (DCI), which in most cases includes resource assignments andother control information for a mobile terminal or groups of UEs. Ingeneral, several PDCCHs can be transmitted in one subframe.

It should be noted that in 3GPP LTE, assignments for uplink datatransmissions, also referred to as uplink scheduling grants or uplinkresource assignments, are also transmitted on the PDCCH. Furthermore,3GPP Release 11 introduced an EPDCCH that fulfills basically the samefunction as the PDCCH, i.e., conveys L1/L2 control signaling, eventhough the detailed transmission methods are different from the PDCCH.Further details can be found in the current versions of 3GPP TS 36.211and 36.213, incorporated herein by reference. Consequently, most itemsoutlined in the background and the embodiments apply to PDCCH as well asEPDCCH, or other means of conveying L1/L2 control signals, unlessspecifically noted.

Generally, the information sent in the L1/L2 control signaling forassigning uplink or downlink radio resources (particularly LTE(-A)Release 10) can be categorized to the following items:

-   -   User identity, indicating the user that is allocated. This is        typically included in the checksum by masking the CRC with the        user identity;    -   Resource allocation information, indicating the resources (e.g.,        Resource Blocks, RBs) on which a user is allocated.        Alternatively this information is termed resource block        assignment (RBA). Note, that the number of RBs on which a user        is allocated can be dynamic;    -   Carrier indicator, which is used if a control channel        transmitted on a first carrier assigns resources that concern a        second carrier, i.e., resources on a second carrier or resources        related to a second carrier; (cross carrier scheduling);    -   Modulation and coding scheme that determines the employed        modulation scheme and coding rate;    -   HARQ information, such as a new data indicator (NDI) and/or a        redundancy version (RV) that is particularly useful in        retransmissions of data packets or parts thereof;    -   Power control commands to adjust the transmit power of the        assigned uplink data or control information transmission;    -   Reference signal information such as the applied cyclic shift        and/or orthogonal cover code index, which are to be employed for        transmission or reception of reference signals related to the        assignment;    -   Uplink or downlink assignment index that is used to identify an        order of assignments, which is particularly useful in TDD        systems;    -   Hopping information, e.g., an indication whether and how to        apply resource hopping in order to increase the frequency        diversity;    -   CSI request, which is used to trigger the transmission of        channel state information in an assigned resource; and    -   Multi-cluster information, which is a flag used to indicate and        control whether the transmission occurs in a single cluster        (contiguous set of RBs) or in multiple clusters (at least two        non-contiguous sets of contiguous RBs). Multi-cluster allocation        has been introduced by 3GPP LTE-(A) Release 10.

It is to be noted that the above listing is non-exhaustive, and not allmentioned information items need to be present in each PDCCHtransmission depending on the DCI format that is used.

Downlink control information occurs in several formats that differ inoverall size and also in the information contained in their fields asmentioned above. The different DCI formats that are currently definedfor LTE are as follows and described in detail in 3GPP TS 36.212,“Multiplexing and channel coding”, section 5.3.3.1 (current versionv12.4.0 available at http://www.3gpp.org and incorporated herein byreference). In addition, for further information regarding the DCIformats and the particular information that is transmitted in the DCI,please refer to the mentioned technical standard or to LTE—The UMTS LongTerm Evolution—From Theory to Practice, Edited by Stefanie Sesia, IssamToufik, Matthew Baker, Chapter 9.3, incorporated herein by reference.

-   -   Format 0: DCI Format 0 is used for the transmission of resource        grants for the PUSCH, using single-antenna port transmissions in        uplink transmission mode 1 or 2.    -   Format 1: DCI Format 1 is used for the transmission of resource        assignments for single codeword PDSCH transmissions (downlink        transmission modes 1, 2 and 7).    -   Format 1A: DCI Format 1A is used for compact signaling of        resource assignments for single codeword PDSCH transmissions,        and for allocating a dedicated preamble signature to a mobile        terminal for contention-free random access (for all        transmissions modes).    -   Format 1B: DCI Format 1B is used for compact signaling of        resource assignments for PDSCH transmissions using closed loop        precoding with rank-1 transmission (downlink transmission mode        6). The information transmitted is the same as in Format 1A, but        with the addition of an indicator of the precoding vector        applied for the PDSCH transmission.    -   Format 1C: DCI Format 1C is used for very compact transmission        of PDSCH assignments. When format 1C is used, the PDSCH        transmission is constrained to using QPSK modulation. This is        used, for example, for signaling paging messages and broadcast        system information messages.    -   Format 1D: DCI Format 1D is used for compact signaling of        resource assignments for PDSCH transmission using multi-user        MIMO. The information transmitted is the same as in Format 1B,        but instead of one of the bits of the precoding vector        indicators, there is a single bit to indicate whether a power        offset is applied to the data symbols. This feature is needed to        show whether or not the transmission power is shared between two        UEs. Future versions of LTE may extend this to the case of power        sharing between larger numbers of UEs.    -   Format 2: DCI Format 2 is used for the transmission of resource        assignments for PDSCH for closed-loop MIMO operation        (transmission mode 4).    -   Format 2A: DCI Format 2A is used for the transmission of        resource assignments for PDSCH for open-loop MIMO operation. The        information transmitted is the same as for Format 2, except that        if the eNodeB has two transmit antenna ports, there is no        precoding information, and for four antenna ports two bits are        used to indicate the transmission rank (transmission mode 3).    -   Format 2B: Introduced in Release 9 and is used for the        transmission of resource assignments for PDSCH for dual-layer        beamforming (transmission mode 8).    -   Format 2C: Introduced in Release 10 and is used for the        transmission of resource assignments for PDSCH for closed-loop        single-user or multi-user MIMO operation with up to 8 layers        (transmission mode 9).    -   Format 2D: introduced in Release 11 and used for up to 8 layer        transmissions; mainly used for COMP (Cooperative Multipoint)        (transmission mode 10)    -   Format 3 and 3A: DCI formats 3 and 3A are used for the        transmission of power control commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with        2-bit or 1-bit power adjustments respectively. These DCI formats        contain individual power control commands for a group of UEs.    -   Format 4: DCI format 4 is used for the scheduling of the PUSCH,        using closed-loop spatial multiplexing transmissions in uplink        transmission mode 2.    -   Format 5: DCI format 5 is used for the scheduling of the PSCCH        (Physical Sidelink Control Channel), and also contains several        SCI format 0 fields used for the scheduling of the PSSCH        (Physical Sidelink Shared Control Channel). If the number of        information bits in DCI format 5 mapped onto a given search        space is less than the payload size of format 0 for scheduling        the same serving cell, zeros shall be appended to format 5 until        the payload size equals that of format 0 including any padding        bits appended to format 0.

The 3GPP technical standard TS 35.212, current version 12.4.0, definesin subclause 5.4.3, incorporated herein by reference, controlinformation for the sidelink; for detailed information on sidelink seelater.

SCI may transport sidelink scheduling information for one destinationID. SCI Format 0 is defined for use for the scheduling of the PSSCH. Thefollowing information is transmitted by means of the SCI format 0:

-   -   Frequency hopping flag—1 bit.    -   Resource block assignment and hopping resource allocation    -   Time resource pattern—7 bits.    -   Modulation and coding scheme—5 bits    -   Timing advance indication—11 bits    -   Group destination ID—8 bits

Logical Channel Prioritization, LCP, Procedure

For the uplink the process by which a UE creates a MAC PDU to transmitusing the allocated radio resources is fully standardized; this isdesigned to ensure that the UE satisfies the QoS of each configuredradio bearer in a way which is optimal and consistent between differentUE implementations. Based on the uplink transmission resource grantmessage signaled on the PDCCH, the UE has to decide on the amount ofdata for each logical channel to be included in the new MAC and, ifnecessary, also to allocate space for a MAC Control Element.

In constructing a MAC PDU with data from multiple logical channels, thesimplest and most intuitive method is the absolute priority-basedmethod, where the MAC PDU space is allocated to logical channels indecreasing order of logical channel priority. This is, data from thehighest-priority logical channel are served first in the MAC PDU,followed by data from the next highest-priority logical channel,continuing until the MAC PDU space runs out. Although the absolutepriority-based method is quite simple in terms of UE implementation, itsometimes leads to starvation of data from low-priority logicalchannels; starvation means that the data from the low-priority logicalchannels cannot be transmitted because the data from high-prioritylogical channels take up all the MAC PDU space.

In LTE, a Prioritized Bit Rate (PBR) is defined for each logical channelso as to transmit data in the order of importance but also to avoidstarvation of data with lower priority. The PBR is the minimum data rateguaranteed for the logical channel. Even if the logical channel has lowpriority, at least a small amount of MAC PDU space is allocated toguarantee the PBR. Thus, the starvation problem can be avoided by usingthe PBR.

Constructing a MAC PDU with PBR consists of two rounds. In the firstround, each logical channel is served in a decreasing order of logicalchannel priority, but the amount of data from each logical channelincluded in the MAC PDU is initially limited to the amount correspondingto the configured PBR value of the logical channel. After all logicalchannels have been served up to their PBR values, if there is room leftin the MAC PDU, the second round is performed. In the second round, eachlogical channel is served again in decreasing order of priority. Themajor difference for the second round compared to the first round isthat each logical channel of lower priority can be allocated with MACPDU space only if all logical channels of higher priority have no moredata to transmit.

A MAC PDU may include not only the MAC SDUs from each configured logicalchannel but also a MAC CE. Except for a Padding BSR, the MAC CE has ahigher priority than a MAC SDU from the logical channels because itcontrols the operation of the MAC layer. Thus, when a MAC PDU iscomposed, the MAC CE, if it exists, is the first to be included, and theremaining space is used for MAC SDUs from the logical channels. Then, ifadditional space is left and it is large enough to include a BSR, aPadding BSR is triggered and included in the MAC PDU. The LogicalChannel Prioritization (LCP) procedure is applied every time a newtransmission is performed.

The Logical Channel Prioritization is standardized e.g., in 3GPP TS36.321 (current version v12.5.0) in subclause 5.4.3.1 incorporatedherein by reference.

RRC controls the scheduling of uplink data by signaling for each logicalchannel:

-   -   priority where an increasing priority value indicates a lower        priority level,    -   prioritisedBitRate which sets the Prioritized Bit Rate (PBR),    -   bucketSizeDuration which sets the Bucket Size Duration (BSD).

The UE shall maintain a variable Bj for each logical channel j. Bj shallbe initialized to zero when the related logical channel is established,and incremented by the product PBR×TTI duration for each TTI, where PBRis the Prioritized Bit Rate of logical channel j. However, the value ofBj can never exceed the bucket size, and if the value of Bj is largerthan the bucket size of logical channel j, it shall be set to the bucketsize. The bucket size of a logical channel is equal to PBR×BSD, wherePBR and BSD are configured by upper layers.

LTE Device to Device (D2D) Proximity Services (ProSe)

Proximity-based applications and services represent an emergingsocial-technological trend. The identified areas include servicesrelated to commercial services and Public Safety that would be ofinterest to operators and users. The introduction of a ProximityServices (ProSe) capability in LTE would allow the 3GPP industry toserve this developing market and will, at the same time, serve theurgent needs of several Public Safety communities that are jointlycommitted to LTE.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a technology component forLTE-Rel.12. The Device-to-Device (D2D) communication technology allowsD2D as an underlay to the cellular network to increase the spectralefficiency. For example, if the cellular network is LTE, all datacarrying physical channels use SC-FDMA for D2D signaling. In D2Dcommunications, user equipments transmit data signals to each other overa direct link using the cellular resources instead of through the radiobase station. Throughout the invention the terms “D2D”, “ProSe” and“sidelink” are interchangeable.

D2D Communication in LTE

The D2D communication in LTE is focusing on two areas: Discovery andCommunication.

ProSe (Proximity based Services) Direct Discovery is defined as theprocedure used by the ProSe-enabled UE to discover other ProSe-enabledUE(s) in its proximity using E-UTRA direct radio signals via the PC5interface. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a PC5 interface fordevice-to-device direct discovery. FIG. 4 schematically illustrates aRadio Protocol Stack (AS) for ProSe Direct Discovery.

In D2D communication UEs transmit data signals to each other over adirect link using the cellular resources instead of through the basestation (BS). D2D users communicate directly while remaining controlledunder the BS, i.e., at least when being in coverage of an eNB.Therefore, D2D can improve system performances by reusing cellularresources.

It is assumed that D2D operates in the uplink LTE spectrum (in the caseof FDD) or uplink sub-frames of the cell giving coverage (in case ofTDD, except when out of coverage). Furthermore, D2Dtransmission/reception does not use full duplex on a given carrier. Fromindividual UE perspective, on a given carrier D2D signal reception andLTE uplink transmission do not use full duplex, i.e., no simultaneousD2D signal reception and LTE UL transmission is possible.

In D2D communication, when one particular UE1 has a role of transmission(transmitting user equipment or transmitting terminal), UE1 sends data,and another UE2 (receiving user equipment) receives it. UE1 and UE2 canchange their transmission and reception role. The transmission from UE1can be received by one or more UEs like UE2.

With respect to the User plane protocols, in the following part of theagreement from D2D communication perspective is given (see also 3GPP TR36.843 current version 12.0.1 section 9.2.2, incorporated herein byreference):

-   -   PDCP:        -   1:M D2D broadcast communication data (i.e., IP packets)            should be handled as the normal user-plane data.        -   Header-compression/decompression in PDCP is applicable for            1:M D2D broadcast communication.            -   U-Mode is used for header compression in PDCP for D2D                broadcast operation for public safety;    -   RLC:        -   RLC UM is used for 1:M D2D broadcast communication.        -   Segmentation and Re-assembly is supported on L2 by RLC UM.        -   A receiving UE needs to maintain at least one RLC UM entity            per transmitting peer UE.        -   An RLC UM receiver entity does not need to be configured            prior to reception of the first RLC UM data unit.        -   So far no need has been identified for RLC AM or RLC TM for            D2D communication for user plane data transmission.    -   MAC:        -   No HARQ feedback is assumed for 1:M D2D broadcast            communication        -   The receiving UE needs to know a source ID in order to            identify the receiver RLC UM entity.        -   The MAC header comprises a L2 target ID which allows            filtering out packets at MAC layer.        -   The L2 target ID may be a broadcast, group cast or unicast            address.            -   L2 Groupcast/Unicast: A L2 target ID carried in the MAC                header would allow discarding a received RLC UM PDU even                before delivering it to the RLC receiver entity.            -   L2 Broadcast: A receiving UE would process all received                RLC PDUs from all transmitters and aim to re-assemble                and deliver IP packets to upper layers.        -   MAC sub header contains LCIDs (to differentiate multiple            logical channels).        -   At least Multiplexing/de-multiplexing, priority handling and            padding are useful for D2D.

ProSe Direct Communication Related Identities

3GPP TS 36.300 current version 12.5.0 defines in subclause 8.3 thefollowing identities to use for ProSe Direct Communication:

-   -   SL-RNTI: (SideLink-Radio Network Temporary Identifier) Unique        identification used for ProSe Direct Communication Scheduling;    -   Source Layer-2 ID: Identifies the sender of the data in sidelink        ProSe Direct Communication. The Source Layer-2 ID is 24 bits        long and is used together with ProSe Layer-2 Destination ID and        LCD for identification of the RLC UM entity and PDCP entity in        the receiver;    -   Destination Layer-2 ID: Identifies the target of the data in        sidelink ProSe Direct Communication. The Destination Layer-2 ID        is 24 bits long and is split in the MAC layer into two bit        strings:        -   One bit string is the LSB part (8 bits) of Destination            Layer-2 ID and forwarded to physical layer as Sidelink            Control Layer-1 ID. This identifies the target of the            intended data in Sidelink Control and is used for filtering            of packets at the physical layer.        -   Second bit string is the MSB part (16 bits) of the            Destination Layer-2 ID and is carried within the MAC header.            This is used for filtering of packets at the MAC layer.

Non-Access Stratum signaling is required for group formation and toconfigure Source Layer-2 ID, Destination Layer-2 ID and Sidelink ControlL1 ID in the UE. These identities are either provided by a higher layeror derived from identities provided by a higher layer. In case ofgroupcast and broadcast, the ProSe UE ID provided by the higher layer isused directly as the Source Layer-2 ID, and the ProSe Layer-2 Group IDprovided by the higher layer is used directly as the Destination Layer-2ID in the MAC layer.

Radio Resource Allocation for Proximity Services

From the perspective of a transmitting UE, a Proximity-Services-enabledUE (ProSe-enabled UE) can operate in two modes for resource allocation:

On the one hand, Mode 1 refers to the eNB-scheduled resource allocation,where the UE requests transmission resources from the eNB (or Release-10relay node), and the eNodeB (or Release-10 relay node) in returnschedules the resources for use by a UE to transmit direct data anddirect control information, DCI (e.g., Scheduling Assignment). The UEneeds to be RRC_CONNECTED in order to transmit data. In particular, theUE sends a D2D scheduling request (D-SR or Random Access) to the eNBfollowed by a buffer status report (BSR) in the usual manner (see alsofollowing chapter “Transmission procedure for D2D communication”). Basedon the BSR, the eNB can determine that the UE has data for a ProSeDirect Communication transmission and can estimate the resources neededfor transmission.

On the other hand, Mode 2 refers to the UE-autonomous resourceselection, where a UE on its own selects resources (time and frequency)from resource pool(s) to transmit direct data and direct controlinformation (i.e., SA). One resource pool is defined e.g., by thecontent of SIB18, namely by the field commTxPoolNormalCommon, thisparticular resource pool being broadcast in the cell and then commonlyavailable for all UEs in the cell still in RRC_Idle state. Effectively,the eNB may define up to four different instances of said pool,respectively four resource pools for the transmission of SA messages anddirect data. However, a UE shall always use the first resource pooldefined in the list, even if it was configured with multiple resourcepools.

As an alternative, another resource pool can be defined by the eNB andsignaled in SIB18, namely by using the field commTxPoolExceptional,which can be used by the UEs in exceptional cases.

What resource allocation mode a UE is going to use is configurable bythe eNB. Furthermore, what resource allocation mode a UE is going to usefor D2D data communication may also depend on the RRC state, i.e.,RRC_IDLE or RRC_CONNECTED, and the coverage state of the UE, i.e.,in-coverage, out-of-coverage. A UE is considered in-coverage if it has aserving cell (i.e., the UE is RRC_CONNECTED or is camping on a cell inRRC_IDLE).

The following rules with respect to the resource allocation mode applyfor the UE:

-   -   If the UE is out-of-coverage, it can only use Mode 2;    -   If the UE is in-coverage, it may use Mode 1 if the eNB        configures it accordingly;    -   If the UE is in-coverage, it may use Mode 2 if the eNB        configures it accordingly;    -   When there are no exceptional conditions, UE may change from        Mode 1 to Mode 2 or vice-versa only if it is configured by eNB        to do so. If the UE is in-coverage, it shall use only the mode        indicated by eNB configuration unless one of the exceptional        cases occurs;        -   The UE considers itself to be in exceptional conditions            e.g., while T311 or T301 is running;    -   When an exceptional case occurs the UE is allowed to use Mode 2        temporarily even though it was configured to use Mode 1.

While being in the coverage area of an E-UTRA cell, the UE shall performProSe Direct Communication Transmission on the UL carrier only on theresources assigned by that cell, even if resources of that carrier havebeen pre-configured e.g., in UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card).

For UEs in RRC_IDLE the eNB may select one of the following options:

-   -   The eNB may provide a Mode 2 transmission resource pool in SIB.        UEs that are authorized for ProSe Direct Communication use these        resources for ProSe Direct Communication in RRC_IDLE;    -   The eNB may indicate in SIB that it supports D2D but does not        provide resources for ProSe Direct Communication. UEs need to        enter RRC_CONNECTED to perform ProSe Direct Communication        transmission.

For UEs in RRC_CONNECTED:

-   -   A UE in RRC_CONNECTED that is authorized to perform ProSe Direct        Communication transmission, indicates to the eNB that it wants        to perform ProSe Direct Communication transmissions when it        needs to perform a ProSe Direct Communication transmission;    -   The eNB validates whether the UE in RRC_CONNECTED is authorized        for ProSe Direct Communication transmission using the UE context        received from the MME;    -   The eNB may configure a UE in RRC_CONNECTED by dedicated        signaling with a Mode-2 resource allocation transmission        resource pool that may be used without constraints while the UE        is RRC_CONNECTED. Alternatively, the eNB may configure a UE in        RRC_CONNECTED by dedicated signaling with a Mode 2 resource        allocation transmission resource pool which the UE is allowed to        use only in exceptional cases and to rely on Mode 1 otherwise.

The resource pool for Scheduling Assignment when the UE isout-of-coverage can be configured as below:

-   -   The resource pool used for reception is pre-configured.    -   The resource pool used for transmission is pre-configured.

The resource pool for Scheduling Assignment when the UE is in coveragecan be configured as below:

-   -   The resource pool used for reception is configured by the eNB        via RRC, in dedicated or broadcast signaling.    -   The resource pool used for transmission is configured by the eNB        via RRC if Mode 2 resource allocation is used    -   The SCI (Sidelink Control Information) resource pool (also        referred to as Scheduling Assignment, SA, resource pool) used        for transmission is not known to the UE if Mode 1 resource        allocation is used.    -   The eNB schedules the specific resource(s) to use for Sidelink        Control Information (Scheduling Assignment) transmission if Mode        1 resource allocation is used. The specific resource assigned by        the eNB is within the resource pool for reception of SCI that is        provided to the UE.

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of transmission/reception resources foroverlay (LTE) and underlay (D2D) system.

Basically, the eNodeB controls whether UE may apply the Mode 1 or Mode 2transmission. Once the UE knows its resources where it can transmit (orreceive) D2D communication, in the current state-of-the-art, it uses thecorresponding resources only for the correspondingtransmission/reception. For example, in FIG. 5 the D2D subframes willonly be used to receive or transmit the D2D signals. Since the UE as aD2D device would operate in Half Duplex mode, it can either receive ortransmit the D2D signals at any point of time. Similarly, the othersubframes illustrated in FIG. 5 can be used for LTE (overlay)transmissions and/or reception.

Transmission Procedure for D2D Communication

The D2D data transmission procedure differs depending on the resourceallocation mode. As described above for Mode 1, the eNB explicitlyschedules the resources for the Scheduling Assignment and the D2D datacommunication after a corresponding request from the UE. Particularly,the UE may be informed by the eNB that D2D communication is generallyallowed, but that no Mode 2 resources (i.e., resource pool) areprovided; this may be done e.g., with the exchange of the D2Dcommunication Interest Indication by the UE and the correspondingresponse, D2D Communication Response, where the corresponding exemplaryProseCommConfig information element mentioned above would not includethe commTxPoolNormalCommon, meaning that a UE that wants to start directcommunication involving transmissions has to request E-UTRAN to assignresources for each individual transmission. Thus, in such a case, the UEhas to request the resources for each individual transmission, and inthe following the different steps of the request/grant procedure areexemplarily listed for this Mode 1 resource allocation:

-   -   Step 1: UE sends SR (Scheduling Request) to eNB via PUCCH;    -   Step 2: eNB grants UL resource (for UE to send BSR) via PDCCH,        scrambled by C-RNTI;    -   Step 3: UE sends D2D BSR indicating the buffer status via PUSCH;    -   Step 4: eNB grants D2D resource (for UE to send data) via PDCCH,        scrambled by SL-RNTI.    -   Step 5: D2D Tx UE transmits SA/D2D data according to grant        received in step 4.

A Scheduling Assignment (SA), also termed SCI (Sidelink ControlInformation) is a compact (low-payload) message containing controlinformation, e.g., pointer(s) to time-frequency resources, modulationand coding scheme and Group Destination ID for the corresponding D2Ddata transmission. An SCI transports the sidelink scheduling informationfor one (ProSE) destination ID. The content of the SA (SCI) is basicallyin accordance with the grant received in Step 4 above. The D2D grant andSA content (i.e., SCI content) are defined in the 3GPP technicalstandard TS 36.212, current version 12.4.0, subclause 5.4.3,incorporated herein by reference, defining in particular the SCI format0 as mentioned before in this background section.

On the other hand, for Mode 2 resource allocation, above steps 1-4 arebasically not necessary, and the UE autonomously selects resources forthe SA and D2D data transmission from the transmission resource pool(s)configured and provided by the eNB.

FIG. 6 exemplarily illustrates the transmission of the SchedulingAssignment and the D2D data for two UEs, UE-A and UE-B, where theresources for sending the scheduling assignments are periodic, and theresources used for the D2D data transmission are indicated by thecorresponding Scheduling Assignment.

FIG. 7 illustrates the D2D communication timing for Mode 2, autonomousscheduling, during one SA/data period, also known as SC period, SidelinkControl period. FIG. 8 illustrates the D2D communication timing for Mode1, eNB-scheduled allocation during one SA/data period. A SC period isthe time period consisting of transmission of a Scheduling Assignmentand its corresponding data.

As can be seen from FIG. 7, the UE transmits after an SA-offset time, aScheduling Assignment using the transmission pool resources forscheduling assignments for Mode 2, SA_Mode2_Tx_pool. The 1sttransmission of the SA is followed e.g., by three retransmissions of thesame SA message. Then, the UE starts the D2D data transmission, i.e.,more in particular using a time resource pattern of transmission, i.e.,T-RPT bitmap/pattern, at some configured offset (Mode2data_offset) afterthe first subframe of the SA resource pool (given by the SA_offset).

One D2D data transmission of a MAC PDU consists of its 1st transmissionsand several retransmissions. For the illustration of FIG. 7 (and of FIG.8) it is assumed that three retransmissions are performed (i.e., 2nd,3rd, and 4th transmission of the same MAC PDU). The Mode2 T-RPT Bitmap(time resource pattern of transmission, T-RPT) basically defines thetiming of the MAC PDU transmission (1st transmission) and itsretransmissions (2nd, 3rd, and 4th transmission).

During one SA/data period, the UE can transmit multiple transport blocks(only one per subframe (TTI), i.e., one after the other), however toonly one ProSe destination group. Also the retransmissions of onetransport block must be finished before the first transmission of thenext transport block starts, i.e., only one HARQ process is used for thetransmission of the multiple transport blocks.

As apparent from FIG. 8, for the eNB-scheduled resource allocation mode(Mode 1), the D2D data transmission, i.e., more in particular the T-RPTpattern/bitmap, starts in the next UL subframe after the last SAtransmission repetition in the SA resource pool. As explained alreadyfor FIG. 7, the Mode1 T-RPT Bitmap (time resource pattern oftransmission, T-RPT) basically defines the timing of the MAC PDUtransmission (1st transmission) and its retransmissions (2nd, 3rd, and4th transmission).

ProSe Network Architecture and ProSe Entities

FIG. 9 illustrates a high-level exemplary architecture for a non-roamingcase, including different ProSe applications in the respective UEs A andB, as well as a ProSe Application Server and ProSe function in thenetwork. The example architecture of FIG. 9 is taken from TS 23.303v.12.4.0 chapter 4.2 “Architectural Reference Model” incorporated hereinby reference.

The functional entities are presented and explained in detail in TS23.303, subclause 4.4 titled “Functional Entities” which is incorporatedherein by reference. The ProSe function is the logical function that isused for network-related actions required for ProSe and plays differentroles for each of the features of ProSe. The ProSe function is part ofthe 3GPP's evolved packet core, EPC, and provides all relevant networkservices like authorization, authentication, data handling etc. relatedto proximity services.

For ProSe direct discovery and communication, the UE may obtain aspecific ProSe UE identity, other configuration information, as well asauthorization from the ProSe function over the PC3 reference point.There can be multiple ProSe functions deployed in the network, althoughfor ease of illustration a single ProSe function is presented. The ProSefunction consists of three main sub-functions that perform differentroles depending on the ProSe feature: Direct Provision Function (DPF),Direct Discovery Name Management Function, and EPC-level DiscoveryFunction. The DPF is used to provision the UE with necessary parametersin order to use ProSe Direct Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication.

The term “UE” used in said connection refers to a ProSe-enabled UEsupporting ProSe functionality, such as:

-   -   Exchange of ProSe control information between ProSe-enabled UE        and the ProSe Function over PC3 reference point.    -   Procedures for open ProSe Direct Discovery of other        ProSe-enabled UEs over PC5 reference point.    -   Procedures for one-to-many ProSe Direct Communication over PC5        reference point.    -   Procedures to act as a ProSe UE-to-Network Relay. The Remote UE        communicates with the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay over PC5        reference point. The ProSe UE-to Network Relay uses layer-3        packet forwarding.    -   Exchange of control information between ProSe UEs over PC5        reference point, e.g., for UE-to-Network Relay detection and        ProSe Direct Discovery.    -   Exchange of ProSe control information between another        ProSe-enabled UE and the ProSe Function over PC3 reference        point. In the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay case the Remote UE will        send this control information over PC5 user plane to be relayed        over the LTE-Uu interface towards the ProSe Function.    -   Configuration of parameters (e.g., including IP addresses, ProSe        Layer-2 Group IDs, Group security material, radio resource        parameters). These parameters can be pre-configured in the UE,        or, if in coverage, provisioned by signaling over the PC3        reference point to the ProSe Function in the network.

The ProSe Application Server supports the Storage of EPC ProSe User IDs,and ProSe Function IDs, and the mapping of Application Layer User IDsand EPC ProSe User IDs. The ProSe Application Server (AS) is an entityoutside the scope of 3GPP. The ProSe application in the UE communicateswith the ProSe AS via the application-layer reference point PC1. TheProSe AS is connected to the 3GPP network via PC2 reference point.

UE Coverage States for D2D

As already mentioned before, the resource allocation method for D2Dcommunication depends, apart from the RRC state, i.e., RRC_IDLE andRRC_CONNECTED, also on a coverage state of the UE, i.e., in-coverage,out-of-coverage. A UE is considered in-coverage if it has a serving cell(i.e., the UE is RRC_CONNECTED or is camping on a cell in RRC_IDLE).

The two coverage states mentioned so far, i.e., in-coverage (IC) andout-of-coverage (OOC), are further distinguished into sub-states forD2D. FIG. 10 shows the four different states a D2D UE can be associatedto, which can be summarized as follows:

-   -   State 1: UE1 has uplink and downlink coverage. In this state the        network controls each D2D communication session. Furthermore,        the network configures whether UE1 should use resource        allocation Mode 1 or Mode 2.    -   State 2: UE2 has downlink but no uplink coverage, i.e., only DL        coverage. The network broadcasts a (contention-based) resource        pool. In this state the transmitting UE selects the resources        used for SA and data from a resource pool configured by the        network; resource allocation is only possible according to Mode        2 for D2D communication in such a state.    -   State 3: UE3 has no uplink and downlink coverage, accordingly,        the UE3 is considered as out-of-coverage (OOC). However, UE3 is        in coverage of some UEs which themselves (e.g., UE1) are in        coverage of the cell, i.e., those UEs can be also referred as        CP-relay UEs. Therefore, the area of the state-3 UEs in FIG. 10        can be denoted as CP UE-relay coverage area. UEs in this state 3        are also referred to as OOC-state-3 UEs. In this state the UEs        receive some cell specific information which is sent by the eNB        (SIB) and forwarded by the CP UE-relay UEs in the coverage of        the cell via PD2DSCH to the OOC-state-3 UEs. A        (contention-based) network-controlled resource pool is signaled        by PD2DSCH.    -   State 4: UE4 is out of coverage and does not receive PD2DSCH        from other UEs which are in the coverage of a cell. In this        state, which is also referred to as state-4 OOC, the        transmitting UE selects the resources used for the data        transmission from a (contention-based) pre-configured resource        pool.

The reason for distinguishing between state-3 OOC and state-4 OOC ismainly to avoid potential interference between D2D transmissions fromout-of coverage devices and legacy E-UTRA transmissions. In general,D2D-capable UEs will have preconfigured resource pool(s) fortransmission of D2D SAs and data for use while out of coverage. If theseout-of-coverage UEs transmit on these preconfigured resource pools atthe cell boundaries, then, interference between the D2D transmissionsand in-coverage legacy transmissions can have a negative impact oncommunications within the cell.

If D2D-enabled UEs within coverage forward the D2D resource poolconfiguration to those out-of-coverage devices near the cell boundary,then, the out-of-coverage UEs can restrict their transmissions to theresources specified by the eNode B and therefore minimize interferencewith legacy transmissions in coverage. Thus, RANI has introduced amechanism where in-coverage UEs are forwarding resource pool informationand other D2D related configurations to those devices just outside thecoverage area (state-3 UEs).

The Physical D2D synchronization channel (PD2DSCH) is used to carry thisinformation about in-coverage D2D resource pools to the UEs in networkproximity, so that resource pools within network proximity are aligned.

LCP Procedure for D2D, Sidelink Logical Channels

The LCP procedure for D2D will be different from the above-presented LCPprocedure for “normal” LTE data. The following information is taken fromTS 36.321, version 12.5.0, subclause 5.14.1.3.1 describing LCP forProSe; which is incorporated herewith in its entirety by reference.

The UE shall perform the following Logical Channel Prioritizationprocedure when a new transmission is performed:

-   -   The UE (e.g., MAC entity) shall allocate resources to the        sidelink logical channels according to the following rules:        -   the UE should not segment an RLC SDU (or partially            transmitted SDU) if the whole SDU (or partially transmitted            SDU) fits into the remaining resources;        -   if the UE segments an RLC SDU from the sidelink logical            channel, it shall maximize the size of the segment to fill            the grant as much as possible;        -   the UE should maximize the transmission of data.        -   if the UE is given an sidelink grant size that is equal to            or larger than 10 bytes while having data available for            transmission, the UE shall not transmit only padding.

NOTE: The rules above imply that the order by which the sidelink logicalchannels are served is left for UE implementation.

Generally, for one PDU, a MAC entity shall consider only logicalchannels with the same Source Layer-2ID—Destination Layer 2 ID pairs,i.e., for one PDU, the MAC entity in the UE shall consider only logicalchannels of the same ProSe destination group, i.e., having a samedestination group ID. The UE selects a ProSe destination group duringthe LCP procedure. Furthermore, in Rel-12 during one SA/data period theD2D transmitting UE can only transmit data to one ProSe destinationgroup.

All D2D (sidelink) logical channels, e.g., STCH, Sidelink TrafficCHannel, are allocated to the same logical channel group (LCG), namelywith LCGID set to ‘11’ (see subclause 5.14.1.4 “Buffer Status Reporting”of TS 36.321 version 12.5.0). In Rel-12 there is no prioritizationmechanism for D2D (sidelink) logical channels/groups. Essentially, allsidelink logical channels have the same priority from UE point of view,i.e., the order by which the sidelink logical channels are served isleft for UE implementation.

For Rel-13 a more advanced prioritization mechanism is considered whereeach sidelink logical channel is associated with a logical channelpriority, also referred to as PPPP (ProSe per packet priority). Based onthis logical channel priority the UE selects the ProSe destination groupfor a given sidelink grant, i.e., highest priority logical channeldetermines the ProSe destination group, and further allocates resourcesto the logical channels belonging to the selected ProSe destinationgroup (in decreasing priority order).

For illustration purposes only, the following exemplary scenario isconsidered where three ProSe logical channels, LCH#1, LCH#2, and LCH#3,are set up in the user equipment, and all three are associated with thesame ProSe LCG (e.g., “11”). It is exemplarily assumed that LCH#1 andLCH#2 are assigned to ProSe destination group 1, and LCH#3 is assignedto ProSe destination group 2. This is depicted in FIG. 12.

Buffer Status Reporting for ProSe

Also the buffer status reporting is adapted to ProSe, and at present isdefined in TS 36.321 in its version 12.5.0, subclause 5.14.1.4 “BufferStatus Reporting” incorporated herein by reference for Rel-12.

The (D2D) sidelink Buffer Status Reporting procedure is used to providethe serving eNB with information about the amount of sidelink dataavailable for transmission in the sidelink buffers of the UE. RRCcontrols sidelink BSR reporting by configuring the two timersPeriodic-ProseBSR-Timer and RetxProseBSR-Timer. Each sidelink logicalchannel (STCH) is allocated to an LCG with LCGID set to “11” and belongsto a ProSe Destination group.

A sidelink Buffer Status Report (BSR) shall be triggered if someparticular events occurs, as specified in detail in TS 36.321, subclause5.14.1.4.

Furthermore, TS 36.321 in its version 12.5.0, subclause 6.1.3.1a,incorporated herein by reference, defines the ProSe BSR MAC ControlElements and its corresponding content as follows. The ProSe BufferStatus Report (BSR) MAC control element consists of one group indexfield, one LCG ID field and one corresponding Buffer Size field perreported D2D destination group. In more detail, for each included ProSedestination group, the following fields are defined:

-   -   Group index: The group index field identifies the ProSe        destination group. The length of this field is 4 bits. The value        is set to the index of the destination identity reported in        destinationInfoList;    -   LCG ID: The Logical Channel Group ID field identifies the group        of logical channel(s) which buffer status is being reported. The        length of the field is 2 bits and it is set to “11”;    -   Buffer Size: The Buffer Size field identifies the total amount        of data available across all logical channels of a ProSe        Destination group after all MAC PDUs for the TTI have been        built. The amount of data is indicated in number of bytes    -   R: Reserved bit, set to “0”.

FIG. 11 shows the ProSe BSR MAC control element for even N (number ofProSe destination groups), taken from TS 36.321 subclause 6.1.3.1a.

As has been explained above, the transmission scheme fordevice-to-device communication is different from the normal LTE scheme,including the use of ProSe destination groups to identify the possiblecontent of the data. Some of currently-defined mechanisms are ratherinefficient.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Non-limiting and exemplary embodiments provide improved methods forallocating radio resources for a transmitting user equipment to performa plurality of direct sidelink, SL transmissions over a sidelinkinterface to one or more receiving user equipments. The independentclaims provide non-limiting and exemplary embodiments. Advantageousembodiments are subject to the dependent claims.

According to several aspects, performing direct communicationtransmissions by a transmitting user equipment is improved (not only forbut) particularly for scenarios in which data is available fortransmission in the transmitting user equipment destined to more thanone sidelink destination group.

In one general first aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature atransmitting user equipment for allocating radio resources to perform aplurality of direct sidelink, SL, transmissions over a SL interface toone or more receiving user equipments in a communication system. Theallocation of radio resources within a sidelink control, SC, period isrestricted, for the SC period, by a maximum number of SL processes withwhich a transmitting user equipment is configured. A processor of thetransmitting user equipment is adapted to acquire a plurality of SLgrants for a subsequent SC period, and to select among the acquired SLgrants a number of those SL grants that have most recently been acquiredbefore the start of the subsequent SC period, wherein the number ofselected SL grants does not exceed the maximum number of SL processesconfigured for the one SC period. Further, the processor is adapted toassociate a plurality of SL processes for the subsequent SC period suchthat each of the plurality of SL process is associated with a differentone of the selected number of SL grants for allocating radio resourceswithin the subsequent SC period. Even further, the processor is adapted,for each of the plurality of the SL processes, to allocate the radioresources within the subsequent SC period according to the selected SLgrant, with which the respective SL process is associated, forperforming one of the plurality of SL transmissions to one of one ormore of receiving user equipments. Each of the plurality of SLtransmissions comprises at least one sidelink control information, SCI,transmission and at least one data transmission over the SL interface.

In one general second aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature atransmitting user equipment for allocating radio resources to perform aplurality of direct sidelink, SL, transmissions over a SL interface toone or more receiving user equipments in a communication system. Theallocation of radio resources within a sidelink control, SC, period isrestricted, for the SC period, by a maximum number of SL processes withwhich the transmitting user equipment is configured. A processor isadapted to acquire, for a subsequent SC period, a plurality of sidelink,SL, grants in different sub-frames before the start of the subsequent SCperiod, wherein: each of the acquired SL grants is associated with onefrom among the maximum number of SL processes on the basis of thesub-frame in which it is acquired, by applying an association scheme,where: each of the maximum number of SL processes is associated with SLgrants from a set of different sub-frames, and each of the sub-frames inthe set is offset from one another by a pre-defined number ofsub-frames. Further, the processor is adapted to associate each of aplurality of the maximum number of SL processes with that one SL grant,which is acquired in the respective set of different sub-frames andwhich has most recently been acquired before the start of the subsequentSC period. Even further, the processor is adapted, for each of theplurality of the SL processes, to allocate radio resources within thesubsequent SC period according to the SL grant, with which therespective SL process is associated, for performing one of the pluralityof SL transmissions to one or more receiving user equipments. Each ofthe plurality of SL transmissions comprises at least one sidelinkcontrol information, SCI, transmission and at least one datatransmission over the SL interface.

In one general third aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature atransmitting user equipment for allocating radio resources to perform aplurality of direct sidelink, SL, transmissions within a sidelinkcontrol, SC, period over a SL interface to one or more receiving userequipments in a communication system. A processor of the transmittinguser equipment is adapted to autonomously select SL grants for aplurality of SL transmission from different resource pools, each beingconfigured and made available for SL transmissions within thecommunication system. The processor is adapted to associate, for each ofthe plurality of SL transmissions, a SL grant to a different SL processselected from the different configured resource pools. Further, theprocessor is adapted to perform, for each of the plurality of SLprocesses with an associated SL grant, a separate logical channelprioritization, LCP, procedure which only considers logical channels todifferent destination Group IDs. Even further, the processor is adapted,for each of the plurality of SL processes, to allocate, within the sameSC period, the radio resources according to the autonomously selected SLgrant with which the respective SL process is associated for performingthe plurality of SL transmissions. Each of the plurality of SLtransmissions comprises at least one sidelink control information, SCI,transmission and at least one data transmission over the SL interface.

In one general fourth aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature amethod for allocating radio resources for a transmitting user equipmentto perform a plurality of direct sidelink, SL, transmissions over a SLinterface to one or more receiving user equipments in a communicationsystem. The allocation of radio resources within a sidelink control, SC,period is restricted, for the SC period, by a maximum number of SLprocesses with which a transmitting user equipment is configured. Aplurality of SL grants is acquired for a subsequent SC period. Among theacquired SL grants a number of those SL grants is selected that havemost recently been acquired before the start of the subsequent SCperiod, wherein the number of selected SL grants does not exceed themaximum number of SL processes configured for the one SC period. Then, aplurality of SL processes for the subsequent SC period are associatedsuch that each of the plurality of SL process is associated with adifferent one of the selected number of SL grants for allocating radioresources within the subsequent SC period. Thereafter, for each of theplurality of the SL processes, the radio resources are allocated withinthe subsequent SC period according to the selected SL grant, with whichthe respective SL process is associated, for performing one of theplurality of SL transmissions to one of one or more of receiving userequipments. Each of the plurality of SL transmissions comprises at leastone sidelink control information, SCI, transmission and at least onedata transmission over the SL interface.

In one general fifth aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature amethod for allocating radio resources for a transmitting user equipmentto perform a plurality of direct sidelink, SL, transmissions over a SLinterface to one or more receiving user equipments in a communicationsystem. The allocation of radio resources within a sidelink control, SC,period is restricted, for the SC period, by a maximum number of SLprocesses with which the transmitting user equipment is configured. Fora subsequent SC period, a plurality of sidelink, SL, grants are acquiredin different sub-frames before the start of the subsequent SC period,wherein: each of the acquired SL grants is associated with one fromamong the maximum number of SL processes on the basis of the sub-framein which it is acquired, by applying an association scheme, where: eachof the maximum number of SL processes is associated with SL grants froma set of different sub-frames, and each of the sub-frames in the set isoffset from one another by a pre-defined number of sub-frames. Then,each of a plurality of the maximum number of SL processes is associatedwith that one SL grant, which is acquired in the respective set ofdifferent sub-frames and which has most recently been acquired beforethe start of the subsequent SC period. Thereafter, for each of theplurality of the SL processes, radio resources are allocated within thesubsequent SC period according to the SL grant, with which therespective SL process is associated, for performing one of the pluralityof SL transmissions to one or more receiving user equipments. Each ofthe plurality of SL transmissions comprises at least one sidelinkcontrol information, SCI, transmission and at least one datatransmission over the SL interface.

In one general sixth aspect, the techniques disclosed here feature amethod for allocating radio resources for a transmitting user equipmentto perform a plurality of direct sidelink, SL, transmissions within asidelink control, SC, period over a SL interface to one or morereceiving user equipments in a communication system. SL grants areautonomously selected for a plurality of SL transmission from differentresource pools, each being configured and made available for SLtransmissions within the communication system. Then, for each of theplurality of SL transmissions, a SL grant is associated to a differentSL process selected from the different configured resource pools.Thereafter, for each of the plurality of SL processes with an associatedSL grant, a separate logical channel prioritization, LCP, procedure isperformed which only considers logical channels to different destinationGroup IDs. Finally, for each of the plurality of SL processes, withinthe same SC period, the radio resources are allocated according to theautonomously selected SL grant with which the respective SL process isassociated for performing the plurality of SL transmissions. Each of theplurality of SL transmissions comprises at least one sidelink controlinformation, SCI, transmission and at least one data transmission overthe SL interface.

Additional benefits and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will beapparent from the specification and Figures. The benefits and/oradvantages may be individually provided by the various embodiments andfeatures of the specification and drawings disclosure, and need not allbe provided in order to obtain one or more of the same.

These general and specific aspects may be implemented using a system, amethod, and a computer program, and any combination of systems, methods,and computer programs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following exemplary embodiments are described in more detail withreference to the attached figures and drawings.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary architecture of a 3GPP LTE system,

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary downlink resource grid of a downlink slot of asubframe as defined for 3GPP LTE (Release 8/9),

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a PC 5 interface for device-to-devicedirect discovery,

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a radio protocol stack for ProSe directdiscovery,

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of transmission/reception resources foroverlay (LTE) and underlay (D2D) systems,

FIG. 6 illustrates the transmission of the Scheduling Assignment and theD2D data for two UEs,

FIG. 7 illustrates the D2D communication timing for the UE-autonomousscheduling Mode 2,

FIG. 8 illustrates the D2D communication timing for the eNB-scheduledscheduling Mode 1,

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary architecture model for ProSe for anon-roaming scenario,

FIG. 10 illustrates cell coverage regarding four different states theD2D UE can be associated to,

FIG. 11 illustrates the ProSe Buffer Status Reporting MAC ControlElement defined in the standard,

FIG. 12 illustrates an association between ProSe logical channels, ProSeLCGs, and ProSe destination groups for an exemplary scenario,

FIG. 13 illustrates a D2D communication timing for two eNB-scheduled D2Dtransmissions according to a first variation of the first embodiment,and

FIG. 14 illustrates the D2D communication timing for two eNB-scheduledD2D transmissions according to a second variation of the firstembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a mobile node, or a userterminal is a physical entity within a communication system. A userequipment may have several functional components including an interfacethat enables it to communicate via a medium within the communicationsystem, for instance, with other user equipments. Similarly, an evolvedNode B (eNB), a base station, a network node, or a network terminal hasseveral functional components, including a interface that enables it tocommunicate via same medium within the communication system, forinstance, with user equipments.

The term “radio resources” is used in the context of the specificationas broadly referring to physical radio resources, such as time-frequencyresources (e.g., resource elements REs or resource blocks, RBs) for useas a communication medium by the user equipment and/or by the evolvedNode B as described above.

The term “(direct) sidelink, SL, transmission” is used in the context ofthe specification as broadly referring to a direct transmission betweentwo user equipments, i.e., not via the evolved Node B (eNB). A sidelinkcommunication is established in-between the two user equipmentsexchanging sidelink transmissions. The term “(direct) sidelinkcommunication” is used henceforth synonymously with Device-to-Device,D2D, communication or ProSe communication.

Further, a direct sidelink transmission is performed over a “sidelink,SL, interface”, which is a term used in the context of the specificationas broadly referring to the functionality of the user equipmentproviding for sidelink transmissions. In 3GPP LTE terminology, thesidelink interface is a PC5 interface as described in the backgroundsection.

The term “sidelink, SL, process” is used in the context of thespecification as broadly referring to a process configured within a userequipment which may be associated with a sidelink grant. Such sidelinkprocess is said to be configured for the corresponding user equipmentproviding the capabilities to associate an SL grant with it on a per SCperiod basis. In 3GPP LTE terminology, a sidelink process is maintainedby a sidelink HARQ Entity at the MAC entity for transmission on thesidelink-shared cannel, SL-SCH, as described in the background section.

However, in the context of the specification, the sidelink process shallnot be restricted in this respect. Rather, a sidelink process may onlyinvolve a memory region within the user equipment where the associatedsidelink grant or sidelink grant information is stored and maintained.Such a memory region is managed by the user equipment, e.g., associating(or storing) the memory region with newly received sidelink grantinformation or (re-)initializing (or erasing) the memory region in orderto remove a previously associated sidelink grant information.

The term “sidelink control, SC, period” is used in the context of thespecification as broadly referring to the period of time where a userequipment performs the sidelink transmission. Each sidelink transmissioncomprises at least one scheduling assignment (sidelink controlinformation) transmission and at least one corresponding datatransmission. Put differently, a “sidelink control period” can also beseen as that period of time for which a sidelink grant is valid. In 3GPPLTE terminology, the “sidelink control period” is a SA/data period, or aSC (sidelink control) period.

The term “ProSe destination group” or “sidelink destination group” isused throughout the specification as referring to e.g., one SourceLayer-2 ID—Destination Layer 2 ID pair defined in 3GPP LTE terminology.

The expressions “acquiring a (sidelink) grant”, “receiving a (sidelink)grant” and similar expressions, refer broadly to a user equipment whichacquires/receives a (sidelink) grant from a responsible evolved node B(i.e., Mode1 functionality). Conversely, the expression “autonomouslyselect a (sidelink) grant”, and similar expressions refers broadly to aUE which identifies the (sidelink) grant by itself, namely byautonomously selecting resources for a grant from suitable transmissionresource pool(s) (i.e.Mode2 functionality) (i.e., the UE internallyreceives the grant).

The currently-standardized transmission scheme to be used for D2Dcommunication, both relating to Mode1 (i.e., eNB-scheduled) and Mode2(autonomous-scheduling), has been explained in the background section.

At the moment a UE can have only one (valid) sidelink grant (SL grant)per sidelink control period (SC period). Accordingly, a UE is presentlyalso configured with only one SL process which is associated with samegrant. Even if the eNB issues several grants to the UE in Mode1, the UEonly considers the most recently (i.e., last) received one as the validSL grant for the SC period. Particularly, the SL process overwritespreviously-received SL grant(s), hence, the SL process is associatedonly with the most recently received SL grant.

Correspondingly, since there is only one SL grant available per SCperiod, the UE can only transmit one scheduling assignment, SA, orsidelink control information, SCI, per SC period. In turn, thetransmitting UE can transmit data only to one or more receiving UEs ofone ProSe destination group per scheduling assignment, SA, or schedulingcontrol information, SCI, respectively.

More particularly, for MAC packet data unit(s), PDU(s), associated withone SCI, the transmitting UE shall only consider logical channels withsame Source Layer-2 ID-Destination Layer-2 ID pairs. Thiscurrently-standardized D2D transmission scheme causes severaldisadvantages.

In case the UE has data for more than one ProSe destination group in itsbuffer(s), the transmitting UE is restricted to transmit data to onlyone ProSe destination group per SC period. Accordingly, the data of theremaining ProSe destination group(s) is delayed by at least oneadditional SC period. In other words, since the scheduling assignment,SA, or sidelink control information, SCI, transmission may only indicateone ProSe destination group, the corresponding data transmission isrestricted to same ProSe destination group only.

Depending on the configured SC periodicity and the number of SC periodsrequired to transmit the complete data to one ProSe destination group,the delay may be significant, resulting in disadvantageous sidelinkcommunication properties. This is even the case, where the radioresources allow for transmitting data of more than the first-servedProSe destination group.

Further, the transmitting UE may only inefficiently make use of the D2Dtransmission resources it is assigned with for data transmissions by anevolved Node B, eNB. The evolved Node B, eNB, may assign more D2Dtransmission resources (by means of the SL-grant) than the transmittingUE needs. However, due to the restriction to only one ProSe destinationgroup, the transmitting UE cannot utilize all of the assigned radioresources, for instance, if the UE has not enough data in its buffer forthe one ProSe destination group. For instance, this may happen when thebuffer status information signaled by the transmitting UE to the eNB isnot accurate, or outdated. In said case, some of the allocated radioresources remain unused since they cannot be used for the transmissionof data of another ProSe destination group within the same SC period.

The following exemplary embodiments are conceived by the inventors tomitigate the problems explained above.

Some of these exemplary embodiments are to be implemented in the widespecification as given by the 3GPP standards and explained partly in thebackground section, with the particular key features being added asexplained in the following pertaining to the various embodiments. Itshould be noted that the embodiments may be advantageously used forexample in a mobile communication system, such as 3GPP LTE-A (Release10/11/12/13) communication systems as described in the TechnicalBackground section above, but the embodiments are not limited to theiruse in this particular exemplary communication networks only.

The following explanations shall not be understood as limiting the scopeof the disclosure, but as a mere example of embodiments to betterunderstand the present disclosure. A skilled person shall be aware thatthe general principles of the present disclosure, as laid out in theclaims, can be applied to different scenarios and in ways that are notexplicitly described herein. Correspondingly, the following scenariosare assumed for explanatory purposes of the various embodiments andshall not be limiting on its embodiments as such.

First Embodiment

In the following a first embodiment for solving the above problem willbe described in detail. Implementations of the first embodiment will beexplained in connection with FIG. 13. For illustration purposes, severalassumptions are made which however shall not restrict the scope of theembodiment.

Firstly, user equipments are assumed which are enabled to perform ProSecommunication (ProSe-enabled UEs), i.e., D2D transmissions directlybetween UEs without the detour via the eNodeB. Furthermore, the UEsshall have data destined to a plurality of sidelink destination groups(i.e., ProSe destination groups) available for transmission, althoughthe improved direct sidelink transmission mechanism according to thisfirst embodiment is also applicable where only data for a singlesidelink destination group is available for transmission in the UE.

The first embodiment improves direct sidelink transmissions byintroducing the concept of (a plurality of) sidelink processes in a UEto which sidelink grant(s) can be assigned in a one-to-one manner. Putdifferently, a UE can handle a plurality of sidelink grants by operatinga corresponding sidelink process for each sidelink grant. A sidelinkprocess can be addressed by use of a corresponding identification,exemplarily termed in the following sidelink process ID.

Whereas the currently-standardized mobile communication system onlyallows for a single valid sidelink grant to be utilized by a UE persidelink control, SC, period (any previously received sidelink grant(s)are overwrites but the most recent one), the first embodiment shallimprove D2D communication by allowing a UE to have more than one validsidelink grant per same one SC period.

In other words, a transmitting UE, according to the first embodiment, isallowed to have one valid sidelink grant per sidelink process such thata transmitting UE configured with a number of sidelink processes mayhave same number of valid sidelink grants for an SC period. Hence, foran UE the maximum number of sidelink processes is restricting itssidelink communication capabilities.

Secondly, the user equipment of this embodiment is assumed to beconfigured with a maximum number of sidelink processes. This maximumnumber of SL processes may be specific to the implementation, hence,pre-configured within a user equipment. The maximum number may also beUE-specific, such that the UE is configured by the evolved Node B whereit is in coverage. Or the number may even be network-specific, such thatevery UE within a same network is configured with a same maximum numberof sidelink processes. Mechanisms for either the UE-specificconfiguration or the network-specific configuration may involve RRCsignaling.

Notably, even though sidelink transmissions are direct transmissionsfrom one (transmitting) UE to one or more (receiving) UE(s), there is nonecessity that all UEs involved in such sidelink transmissions areconfigured with a same maximum number of sidelink processes.

Rather, a transmitting UE may be configured with a maximum number of SLprocesses that is higher than that of the one or more receiving UE(s) itis directing sidelink transmissions to. Moreover, it must only beensured that all of the SL transmissions from the transmitting UE can bereceived by the one or more receiving UE(s) within the sidelinkdestination group. Not only the transmitting, but also the receivingUE(s) are configured with a sufficient number of sidelink processes inthis respect.

Nevertheless, for a simplified configuration of the transmitting andreceiving UEs it is assumed that the maximum number of sidelinkprocesses is network-specific. For instance, the maximum number ofsidelink processes may be m={2, 4, 8}, where the following examplesrefer to the case that each UE is configured with m=2 (two) sidelinkprocesses within the communication system. Accordingly, such exemplaryUEs are able to handle two different sidelink grants at the same time (aUE thus has two valid sometimes also referred to as configured sidelinkgrants available within an SC period).

Overall, the UE performs a D2D transmission operation for each sidelinkprocess with a corresponding sidelink grant within the same SC period,e.g., respectively according to already-standardized concepts forperforming D2D transmissions as explained in the background section. Inparticular, for each sidelink grant available to the UE (i.e., for eachsidelink process), the UE determines one sidelink destination group andgenerates the corresponding transport blocks containing the datadestined to the determined sidelink destination group. Radio resourcesare allocated for the D2D transmissions according to the respectivesidelink grant. For each sidelink grant available to the UE (i.e., foreach sidelink process), the UE generates corresponding sidelink controlinformation identifying the sidelink destination group and also theallocated radio resources for the corresponding D2D transmission, andperforms the D2D transmission of the sidelink control information andthe corresponding data for each sidelink grant (process) using theallocated radio resources of the respective sidelink grant.

Details on these steps for performing a D2D transmission are omittedhere, and instead reference is made to the corresponding passages in thebackground section of this application.

The above described principles underlying the first embodiment entailvarious advantages. Already established procedures can be reused in saidrespect without modification. For instance, the same SCI format 0 can beused to transmit the sidelink control information since no additionalinformation needs to be carried. Furthermore, since the D2D transmissionfor each sidelink process remains unchanged when compared to thecurrently standardized D2D transmissions, a receiving UE does not (andactually does not need to) distinguish between a D2D transmissionperformed according to the first embodiment for one sidelink process anda D2D transmission performed according to the current standard.Consequently, the UE behavior on the receiving side does not need to beadapted.

Furthermore, the first embodiment allows transmitting more data within aSC period, thus increasing the data rate for D2D transmissions.

In addition, the first embodiment allows transmitting data destined toseveral sidelink destination groups within the same SC period, by e.g.,selecting a different sidelink destination group for each of the varioussidelink processes. Therefore, starvation of particular sidelinkdestination groups can be avoided.

So far it was generally assumed that the UE has several sidelink grantsavailable, without paying attention to how the UE has acquired them inthe first place. This shall be described in more detail in thefollowing.

First Variation

In the first variation, the transmitting UE acquires in this firstembodiment a plurality of sidelink grants for at least some out of themaximum number of sidelink process with which the UE is configured. Theplurality of sidelink grants are signaled by an evolved node B and theUE receives them applying the standardized signaling scheme (e.g., viaPDCCH).

From among these acquired plurality of sidelink grants, the transmittingUE selects a number of sidelink grants. For instance, the number ofsidelink grants to be selected by an UE may be n={2, 4, 8}, theillustrated example shows the case where the UE is configured to selectn=2 sidelink grants. In other words, the transmitting UE does not storeor maintain all of the sidelink grants signaled by the evolved node Band subsequently acquired by the UE but only a number of sidelinkgrants.

Particularly, the transmitting UE selects from among the acquiredplurality of sidelink grants the number of sidelink grants which hasbeen most recently acquired before the start of the sidelink controlperiod. Assuming the start of the sidelink control period at a specificsub-frame, the transmitting UE selects those sidelink grants which wereacquired last before that specific sub-frame.

This however does not mean that the transmitting UE can only perform theselection of the number of sidelink grants at the start of the sidelinkcontrol period. Rather, the UE may achieve this selection of sidelinkgrants by (re-)associating each of the plurality of sidelink process(e.g., by overwriting of the involved memory region)—in an alternatingfashion—with the more recently acquired sidelink grants.

Accordingly, the UE may assign, each time a new, more recent sidelinkgrant is acquired, that newly acquired sidelink grant to that of theplurality of sidelink processes with the oldest sidelink grant, therebythe UE has also selected at the start of the sidelink control period thenumber of most recent sidelink grants. In this respect, the UE mayalternate the plurality of sidelink processes when assigning the mostrecently acquired sidelink grant thereto.

Reference is now made to the example illustrated in FIG. 13. In thisexample it is assumed that the UE is configured with n=2 (two) number ofsidelink grants to be selected, and m=2 (two) maximum number of sidelinkprocess, The UE acquires sidelink grants until the start at sub-frame Nof the sidelink control period (precisely: until 4 sub-frames before thestart of the sidelink control period at sub-frame N−4).

A first acquired sidelink grant, e.g., at sub-frame N−13, is associatedwith a first of m=2 (two) configured sidelink processes, and asubsequently acquired sidelink grant, e.g., at sub-frame N−11, isassociated with the second of the two configured sidelink processes. Inother words, the sidelink grants are cyclically associated with theconfigured sidelink processes.

When a further sidelink grant is acquired, e.g., at sub-frame N−8, theUE knows that it is configured to only select n=2 (two) number ofsidelink grants, hence proceeds with (or cycles to) (re-)associating thenewly acquired sidelink grant with the first of the m=2 (two) configuredsidelink processes. In other words, the sidelink grant acquired atsub-frame N−13 and previously (also) associated with the first of thetwo configured sidelink processes is overwritten.

Notably, this cyclic association with configured sidelink processesdepends on the number (m=2) of sidelink grants to be selected and not onthe maximum number (n=2) of sidelink process with which the UE isconfigured. Moreover, the number (n=2) of selected sidelink grants maynot exceed (n<=m) the maximum number (m=2) of configured sidelinkprocesses.

Finally, when an even further sidelink grant is acquired by the UE,e.g., at sub-frame N−6, this sidelink grant again is associated with thesecond of the m=2 (two) configured sidelink processes. Accordingly, thesidelink grant acquired at sub-frame N−11 and previously (also)associated with the second of the two configured sidelink processes isoverwritten.

In summary, by applying the above described behavior, the transmittingUE has acquired a plurality of sidelink grants, and at the start (moreprecisely at 4 sub-frames before the start) of the sidelink controlperiod selected a number of those sidelink grants which have mostrecently been acquired before that start of the sidelink control period.Further, each of the n=2 (two) number of selected sidelink grants isassociated with a different one of the m=2 (two) configured sidelinkprocesses.

In an advantageous implementation, prior to associating the new, mostrecently acquired sidelink grant to the corresponding one of theconfigured sidelink processes, the transmitting UE determines whether ornot this newly acquired sidelink grant corresponds to another of thesidelink grants already associated with a different one of the pluralityof configured sidelink processes. Should this be the case, and shouldtwo acquired sidelink grants indicate same radio resources (i.e.,resulting in radio resource collisions) for the plurality of sidelinktransmission, same newly received sidelink grant is discarded (i.e.,without associating the newly acquired sidelink grant to thecorresponding sidelink process). Thereby, the cyclic association withthe configured sidelink processes is maintained.

Even though the above described mechanisms are simple, they canadvantageously make use of this behavior to suppress interference ordistortions on the medium used by the evolved Node B for signaling thesidelink grants to the transmitting UE (i.e., PDCCH).

Conventionally, an evolved Node B copes with interference or distortion(e.g., on the PDCCH) by signaling a same sidelink grant to atransmitting UE for a plurality of times. The UE acquires only thosesidelink grants which are not affected by interference or distortion.Hence, the probability of a successfully acquired sidelink grant at thetransmitting UE improves every time the same sidelink grant isrepeatedly signaled by the evolved Node B. The conventional transmittingUE overwrite the SL grant every time it is successfully acquired. Thisapproach is simple and robust as long as a same sidelink grant isinvolved.

Applying this approach to a plurality of different sidelink grantsindicating radio resources for different sidelink transmissions betweenthe transmitting UE and one or more receiving UE(s) is not evident.Moreover, the evolved Node B does not know which of a plurality ofdifferent sidelink grants is being acquired successfully by thetransmitting UE and which is not. In other words, the evolved Node Bcannot assess whether or not retransmissions of one or another of theplurality of different sidelink grants are necessary before the start ofthe SC period.

Regardless, the transmitting UE in the first variation assumes arepeated signaling of different sidelink grants and, upon successfullyacquiring a plurality of sidelink grants, selects among the acquiredsidelink grants a number of those sidelink grants which have mostrecently been acquired before the start of the sidelink period.Moreover, the sidelink grants are acquired by the UE prior to, hence,for the subsequent SC period.

This approach is advantageous for the following reasons: In case the UEsuccessfully acquires all sidelink grants signaled by the evolved NodeB, the selection of a number of the most recently acquired sidelinkgrants results in the transmitting UE being provided with differentsidelink grants; hence, the transmitting UE is capable of performing aplurality of (different) sidelink transmissions to one or more receivingUEs.

Also in case the UE successfully acquires only the last number ofsidelink grants signaled by the evolved Node B, the selection of themost recently acquired grants also results in the transmitting UE beingprovided with different grants. Accordingly, all sidelink grants but thelast number of signaled sidelink grants may be not successfully acquiredas long as the last number of signaled sidelink grants is successfullyacquired by the transmitting Should, however, e.g., the last of the bythe evolved Node B signaled sidelink grants not be successfully acquiredby the UE (better: not acquired at all) the UE selects a number ofsuccessfully acquired sidelink grants excluding the not successfullysignaled last sidelink grant. Also this case results in the transmittingUE acquiring a number of different sidelink grants as shall becomeapparent from the following consideration:

Assuming a repeated signaling of different sidelink grants, even in thiscase, the transmitting UE successfully acquires different sidelinkgrants as the repeated signaling by the evolved Node B ensures that alsothis selected number of sidelink grants is different, hence can be usedby the transmitting UE for performing a plurality of (different)sidelink transmissions to one or more receiving UEs.

Further, even if one of the intermediately by the evolved Node Bsignaled sidelink grants not be successfully acquired by the UE (i.e.,not acquired), then the selection of the number of most recentlyreceived sidelink grants can also result in the acquiring of differentsidelink grants provided the evolved node B signals an exceeding numberof different sidelink grants (or “spare” sidelink grants) within themost recently acquired sidelink grants successfully acquired by thetransmitting UE. In other words, by increasing the periodicity at whichdifferent sidelink grants are repeatedly signaled by the evolved Node Bwith respect to the number of sidelink grants that are acquired by thetransmitting UE can ensure that at least the most recently acquiredsidelink grants are successfully acquired by the UE.

In summary, the selection of a number of the most recently acquiredsidelink grants by a transmitting UE provides for a mechanism thatallows the UE for performing a plurality of (different) sidelinktransmissions to one or more receiving UEs without losing the advantageof a better interference or distortion rejection as part of theconventional approach.

Further, this approach is advantageous in that it does not require anyidentification information to be included within the sidelink grants forassociating the acquired sidelink grants to one of the maximum number ofsidelink process with which the transmitting UE is configured.Consequently, the information and, hence, the size of each of thesidelink grants signaled can be kept at a minimum by the UE separatelyassociating the acquired sidelink grants with the corresponding fromamong the maximum number of sidelink processes

The number of sidelink grants selected by the UE may not exceed themaximum number of sidelink process with which the UE is configured forthat sidelink control period. Thereby, it can be ensured that the all bythe UE selected sidelink grants may be associated with a different oneof the selected number of sidelink grants for allocating radio resourceswithin the sidelink control period. For each of the sidelink processbeing associated with different one of the selected sidelink grant, theUE is allocating radio resources within the sidelink control period forwhich it is received according to the associated sidelink grant forperforming a respective one of the plurality of sidelink transmissionsto one of the one or more of the receiving UEs.

According to an exemplary implementation, the number of sidelink grantsselected by the UE corresponds to the maximum number of sidelink processwithin which the UE is configured for the sidelink period. Thereby, allof the configured maximum number of sidelink processes can be associatedwith a different one of the selected number of sidelink grants forallocating radio resources within the sidelink control period.

An exemplary implementation applying the above described principles ofthe first variation may involve the following changes to the relevant3GPP technical standard in TS 36.321 from in its current versionV12.7.0. Only the relevant sub-sections are provided below forconciseness reasons, nevertheless, all other sections of this documentTS 36.321 are also incorporated herein by reference only.

5.14 SL-SCH Data Transfer

5.14.1 SL-SCH Data Transmission

5.14.1.1 SL Grant Reception and SCI Transmission

In order to transmit on the SL-SCH the MAC entity must have a sidelinkgrant. The MAC entity can have up to x sidelink grants. The sidelinkgrant is selected as follows:

-   -   if the MAC entity is configured to receive a sidelink grant        dynamically on the PDCCH or EPDCCH and more data is available in        STCH than can be transmitted in the current SC period, the MAC        entity shall:        -   using the received sidelink grant determine the set of            subframes in which transmission of SCI and transmission of            first transport block occur according to subclause 14.2.1 of            [2];        -   consider the last x received sidelink grants received until            and including 4 subframes before the starting subframe of            the first available SC Period to be configured sidelink            grants, overwriting previously configured sidelink grants            occurring in the same SC period, if available;        -   clear the configured sidelink grant at the end of the            corresponding SC Period;    -   else, if the MAC entity is configured by upper layers to        transmit using a pool of resources as indicated in subclause        5.10.4 of [8] and more data is available in STCH than can be        transmitted in the current SC period and if the MAC entity does        not have a configured sidelink grant, the MAC entity shall:        -   randomly select a sidelink grant from the resource pool            configured by upper layers. The random function shall be            such that each of the allowed selections [2] can be chosen            with equal probability;        -   using the selected sidelink grant determine the set of            subframes in which transmission of SCI and transmission of            first transport block occur according to subclause 14.2.1 of            [2];        -   consider the selected sidelink grant to be a configured            sidelink grant occurring in those subframes starting at the            beginning of the first available SC Period which starts at            least 4 subframes after the subframe in which the sidelink            grant was selected;        -   clear the configured sidelink grant at the end of the            corresponding SC Period;

NOTE: Retransmissions on SL-SCH cannot occur after the configuredsidelink grant has been cleared.

The MAC entity shall for each subframe:

-   -   if the MAC entity has a configured sidelink grant occurring in        this subframe:        -   if the configured sidelink grant corresponds to transmission            of SCI:    -   instruct the physical layer to transmit SCI corresponding to the        configured sidelink grant.        -   else if the configured sidelink grant corresponds to            transmission of first transport block:    -   deliver the configured sidelink grant and the associated HARQ        information to the Sidelink HARQ Entity for this subframe.

5.14.1.2 Sidelink HARQ Operation

5.14.1.2.1 Sidelink HARQ Entity

There is one Sidelink HARQ Entity at the MAC entity for transmission onSL-SCH, which maintains X Sidelink process.

For each subframe of the SL-SCH the Sidelink HARQ Entity shall:

-   -   if a sidelink grant has been indicated for a Sidelink process        and there is SL data available for transmission:        -   obtain the MAC PDU from the “Multiplexing and assembly”            entity;        -   deliver the MAC PDU and the sidelink grant and the HARQ            information to the Sidelink process;        -   instruct the Sidelink process to trigger a new transmission.    -   else, if this subframe corresponds to retransmission opportunity        for the Sidelink process:        -   instruct the Sidelink process to trigger a retransmission.

NOTE: The resources for retransmission opportunities are specified insubclause 14.2.1 of [2].

According to an alternative implementation, a sidelink grant receptionwindow associated with an SC period is introduced, which denotes thetime period where received sidelink grants are considered for thecorresponding SC period. The sidelink grant reception window associatedwith SC period n, starts from the sub-frame y−3, whereas sub-frame ydenotes the starting sub-frame of SC period n−1 (previous SC period),and ends 4 sub-frames before the starting sub-frame of SC period n. Forthe first variation the UE considers the last x received sidelink grants(if available) received within the sidelink grant reception window asconfigured sidelink grants for corresponding SC period.

Second Variation

In the second variation, the transmitting UE acquires in this firstembodiment a plurality of sidelink grants for at least some out of themaximum number of sidelink process with which the UE is configured. Theplurality of sidelink grants are signaled by an evolved node B and theUE receives them applying the standardized signaling scheme (e.g., viaPDCCH).

It is important to recognize for this second variation, that thesignaling grants are acquired in different sub-frames before the start(precisely: until 4 sub-frames before the start) of the sidelink controlperiod. In other words, depending on the sub-frame when a sidelink grantis acquired, the transmitting UE assumes a (potentially) differentbehavior in assigning the sidelink grant to one of the configuredmaximum number of sidelink processes (cf. above e.g., m={2, 4, 8}).

Notably, this second variation does not allow, as the previousvariation, for the UE to select (and hence associate) a number n ofsidelink grants corresponding to a subset of the maximum number of the mconfigured maximum number of sidelink processes. Moreover, the UE isadapted to associate, from among the plurality, the maximum number m ofacquired sidelink grants with the corresponding maximum number m ofconfigure sidelink process within the transmitting UE. Obviously, forthis behavior it is necessary that the UE actually acquires a maximumnumber m of sidelink grants.

As stated above, the sub-frame, when the sidelink is acquired,determines within the transmitting UE the sidelink process with which itis associated. More in particular, since a plurality sidelink grants aresignaled, and hence acquired in different sub-frames before the start(precisely: until 4 sub-frames before the start) of the sidelink controlperiod, the sub-frame allows for an unambiguous assignment forassociating each of the acquired sidelink grants with one of theconfigured maximum number of sidelink grants.

The transmitting UE applies an association scheme for associating anacquired sidelink grant with one of the maximum number of configuredsidelink processes. This association scheme is defined as follows: eachof the maximum number of SL processes is associated with sidelink grantsfrom a set of different sub-frames, and each of the sub-frames in thecorresponding set is offset from one another by a pre-defined number(e.g., o) of sub-frames.

In other words, each set of different sub-frames in which sidelinkgrants are acquired defines for these sidelink grants an associationthereof with one of the configured sidelink processes. The sets ofsub-frames are distinct from each other as each of the sets involvesdifferent sub-frames. Further, the sub-frames of each set are offsetwith respect to each other. Thereby, subsequent sub-frames may associatetherein acquired sidelink grants with different ones of the maximumnumber of configured sidelink processes. In other words, the sidelinkgrants associated with different sidelink processes are transmitted inan interleaved fashion, and have a synchronous timing.

In summary, by applying the association scheme for every sub-frame whenthe transmitting UE acquires a sidelink grant, the transmitting UE may(re-)associate one of the maximum number of sidelink processes with themost recently acquired sidelink grant (e.g., by overwriting the involvedmemory region). In this respect, each of the maximum number ofconfigured sidelink process is associated with that sidelink grant whichis acquired in the respective set of different sub-frames and which hasmost recently been acquired before the start of the subsequent sidelinkcontrol period.

Reference is now made to the example illustrated in FIG. 14. In thisexample, it is assumed that the UE is configured with m=2 (two) maximumnumber of sidelink processes, and an offset between the differentsub-frames within a set corresponding to the predefined number of o=2(two) sub-frames. This example shall not be construed as limiting theunderlying concept since also offsets with e.g., o={2, 4, 8} arepossible, as becomes apparent from the following. The UE acquiressidelink grants until the start at sub-frame N of the sidelink controlperiod (precisely: until 4 sub-frames before the start of the sidelinkcontrol period N−4).

As apparent from the above, the offset e.g., o=2 between differentsub-frames within a set may correspond to the maximum number e.g., m=2of the configured sidelink processes or may be larger than this (therebyleaving intermediate sub-frames un-assigned to one or another of themaximum number of sidelink processes).

Moreover, a corresponding definition of the offset e.g., o=2 betweendifferent sub-frames within a set and the maximum number e.g., m=2 ofconfigured sidelink processes makes most efficient use of the medium forsignaling the sidelink grants (e.g., PDCCH), whereas a larger offsetthat the maximum allows reducing monitoring of same medium by thetransmitting UE thereby improving the battery efficiency thereof.

Further to the illustrated example, an association scheme defines forthe first of the maximum number of m=2 of sidelink processes, anassociation on the basis of a first set of different sub-frames,including sub-frames N−14, N−12, N−10, N−8, N−6, N−4. For the second ofthe maximum number of m=2 sidelink processes, the association schemedefines an association on the basis of a second set of differentsub-frames, including sub-frames N−13, N−11, N−9, N−7, N−5. Regardingboth sets, the different sub-frames are offset from each other by thepredefined number of o=2 (two) sub-frames.

A first sidelink grant, acquired by the UE e.g., at sub-frame N−13, isassociated with a second of m=2 (two) configured sidelink processes,since applying the above described association scheme, the UE determinesthat the sidelink grant is acquired in a sub-frame belonging to thesecond set of different sub-frames, and hence the UE assumes theassociation of this sidelink grant with the second of the maximum numberof m=2 sidelink processes.

Subsequently, a further sidelink grant, acquired by the UE e.g., atsub-frame N−11, is also associated with the second of the two configuredsidelink processes, as also this sidelink grant is acquired in asub-frame belonging to the second set of sub-frames. Irrespective of anyprevious sidelink grant, the UE (re-)associates the newly acquiredsidelink grant (e.g., at N−11) with the second of the m=2 (two)configured sidelink processes. In other words, the sidelink grantacquired at sub-frame N−13 and previously (also) associated with thesecond of the two configured sidelink processes is overwritten.

Thereafter, another sidelink grant, acquired by the UE, e.g., atsub-frame N−8, is associated with a first of m=2 (two) configuredsidelink processes, since applying the above described associationscheme, the UE determines that the sidelink grant is acquired in asub-frame belonging to the first set of different sub-frames, and hencethe UE assumes the association of this sidelink grant with the first ofthe maximum number of m=2 sidelink processes.

Finally, a further sidelink grant, acquired by the UE e.g., at sub-frameN−6, is also associated with the first of the two configured sidelinkprocesses, as also this sidelink grant is acquired in a sub-framebelonging to the first set of sub-frames. The sidelink grant acquired atsub-frame N−8 and previously (also) associated with the first of the twoconfigured sidelink processes is overwritten.

In summary, by applying the above described behavior the transmitting UEhas acquired a plurality of sidelink grants, and at the start (moreprecisely at 4 sub-frames before the start) of the sidelink controlperiod associated, each of the plurality of maximum number m=2 ofsidelink processes is associated with that sidelink grant which isacquired in the respective set of different sub-frames and which hasmost recently been acquired before the start of the subsequent sidelinkcontrol period.

For each of the plurality of the SL processes, the transmitting UEallocates radio resources within a subsequent sidelink control periodaccording to the sidelink grant, with which the respective sidelinkprocess is associated, for performing one of the plurality of sidelinktransmissions to one or more receiving user equipments.

According to exemplary implementation to the first or the secondvariation, the transmitting UE is acquiring sidelink grants for a (i.e.,subsequent) sidelink control period until 4 sub-frames before the startof the sidelink control period. Thereby, the evolved node B is providedwith precise information up when the most recent sidelink grants can beacquired by the UE. In other words, the evolved Node B can plan itsappropriate signaling of sidelink grants in advance.

In a further exemplary implementation to the first or second variation,each of the plurality of sidelink processes is re-initialized (orflushed) before the start of the (i.e., subsequent) sidelink controlperiod to thereafter allow its association to a later (i.e.,sub-subsequent) sidelink control period. Assuming that sidelink grantscan be acquired until 4 sub-frames before the start of the sidelinkcontrol period, the plurality of sidelink processes are re-initializedthereafter as early as possible, namely at 3 sub-frames before the startof the sidelink control period. Thereby, it can be ensured that acquiredsidelink grants can already be associated with sidelink processes assoon as possible for the later (i.e., sub-subsequent) sidelink controlperiod, which is particularly advantageous in the second variationhowever not limited thereto.

According to yet another exemplary implementation to the first andsecond variation, the transmitting UE is—after having associated each ofthe selected sidelink grants with different one of the sidelinkprocesses—performing for each of the associated sidelink processes alogical channel prioritization, LCP, procedure. Having each of the LCPprocedures identify different ProSe destination groups, it can beensured that the plurality of sidelink transmissions are each performedto different one or more receiving UEs.

An exemplary implementation applying the above described principles ofthe second variation may involve the following changes to the relevant3GPP technical standard in TS 36.321 from in its current versionV12.7.0. Only the relevant sub-sections are provided below forconciseness reasons, nevertheless, all other sections of this documentTS 36.321 are also incorporated herein by reference only.

5.14 SL-SCH Data Transfer

5.14.1 SL-SCH Data Transmission

5.14.1.1 SL Grant Reception and SCI Transmission

In order to transmit on the SL-SCH the MAC entity must have a sidelinkgrant. The MAC entity can have up to x sidelink grants. The sidelinkgrant is selected as follows:

-   -   if the MAC entity is configured to receive a sidelink grant        dynamically on the PDCCH or EPDCCH and more data is available in        STCH than can be transmitted in the current SC period, the MAC        entity shall:        -   using the received sidelink grant determine the set of            subframes in which transmission of SCI and transmission of            first transport block occur according to subclause 14.2.1 of            [2];        -   consider the received sidelink grant to be a configured            sidelink grant occurring in those subframes starting at the            beginning of the first available SC Period which starts at            least 4 subframes after the subframe in which the sidelink            grant was received, overwriting a previously configured            sidelink grant occurring in the same SC period received X            subframes before the subframe in which the sidelink grant            was received, if available;        -   clear the configured sidelink grant at the end of the            corresponding SC Period;    -   else, if the MAC entity is configured by upper layers to        transmit using a pool of resources as indicated in subclause        5.10.4 of [8] and more data is available in STCH than can be        transmitted in the current SC period and if the MAC entity does        not have a configured sidelink grant, the MAC entity shall:        -   randomly select a sidelink grant from the resource pool            configured by upper layers. The random function shall be            such that each of the allowed selections [2] can be chosen            with equal probability;        -   using the selected sidelink grant determine the set of            subframes in which transmission of SCI and transmission of            first transport block occur according to subclause 14.2.1 of            [2];        -   consider the selected sidelink grant to be a configured            sidelink grant occurring in those subframes starting at the            beginning of the first available SC Period which starts at            least 4 subframes after the subframe in which the sidelink            grant was selected;        -   clear the configured sidelink grant at the end of the            corresponding SC Period;

NOTE: Retransmissions on SL-SCH cannot occur after the configuredsidelink grant has been cleared.

The MAC entity shall for each subframe:

-   -   if the MAC entity has a configured sidelink grant occurring in        this subframe:        -   if the configured sidelink grant corresponds to transmission            of SCI:            -   instruct the physical layer to transmit SCI                corresponding to the configured sidelink grant.        -   else if the configured sidelink grant corresponds to            transmission of first transport block:    -   deliver the configured sidelink grant and the associated HARQ        information to the Sidelink HARQ Entity for this subframe.

5.14.1.2 Sidelink HARQ Operation

5.14.1.2.1 Sidelink HARQ Entity

There is one Sidelink HARQ Entity at the MAC entity for transmission onSL-SCH, which maintains x Sidelink process.

For each subframe of the SL-SCH the Sidelink HARQ Entity shall:

-   -   if a sidelink grant has been indicated for a Sidelink process        and there is SL data available for transmission:        -   obtain the MAC PDU from the “Multiplexing and assembly”            entity;        -   deliver the MAC PDU and the sidelink grant and the HARQ            information to the Sidelink process;        -   instruct the Sidelink process to trigger a new transmission.    -   else, if this subframe corresponds to retransmission opportunity        for the Sidelink process:        -   instruct the Sidelink process to trigger a retransmission.

NOTE: The resources for retransmission opportunities are specified insubclause 14.2.1 of [2].

According to another implementation, at a given TTI, if a sidelink grantis received in this TTI, the UE identifies the sidelink process whichthe sidelink grant is associated with. A sidelink grant received insubframe n overrides a sidelink grant received in subframe n-X, whereasX denotes a predefined integer value.

Second Embodiment

In the following, a second embodiment for solving the above problemswill be described in detail. Particularly, this embodiment focuses butis not limited to multiple sidelink transmission for the mode-2 resourceallocation mode. Also in this respect, a mechanism is devised whichallows allocating radio resources to perform a plurality of directsidelink, SL, transmissions within a sidelink control, SC, period over aSL interface to one or more receiving user equipments in a communicationsystem.

In more detail, the transmitting UE autonomously selects SL grants forthe plurality of SL transmission from different resource pools, eachbeing configured and made available for SL transmissions within thecommunication system. Further, the UE has to associate, for each of theplurality of SL transmissions, a SL grant to a different SL processselected from the different configured resource pools.

For each of the plurality of SL processes with an associated SL grant,the transmitting UE performs a separate logical channel prioritization,LCP, procedure which only considers logical channels to differentdestination Group IDs. Accordingly, the UE for each of the plurality ofSL processes, allocates, within the same or overlapping SC periods, theradio resources according to the autonomously selected SL grant withwhich the respective SL process is associated.

Thereby, a transmitting UE may be configured to perform a plurality ofSL transmissions within a same sidelink control period, each of theplurality of SL transmission being directed to one or more of thereceiving UEs. Furthermore, the restriction to only allow SLtransmission to different ProSe destination groups within a same SCperiod or overlapping SC periods (for the case that the transmitting UEperforms SL transmissions in different transmission resource pools)advantageously dispenses with the need for any additional transportblock, TB, reordering mechanism within the MAC layer. In other words,ProSe in-sequence delivery is enforced hereby.

According to an exemplary implementation, the transmitting UE furtherdetermine for each sub-frame within the SC period whether the allocatedradio resources are arranged for plural SL transmission within a samesub-frame. Particularly, since the ProSe communication is carried out inthe uplink band, applying a single carrier-frequency division multipleaccess, SC-FDMA scheme, the plurality of SL transmissions have to meetthe single-carrier property becomes apparent from the following.

Apparent from the SC-FDMA scheme, the transmitting UE may only performthe transmission of a single transport block, TB, per transmission timeinterval, TTI. However, the autonomously selected radio resources forplural SL transmissions within a same SC period may not meet thisproperty. In other words, the radio resources may not be allocated forsame plural SL transmissions.

Should the transmitting UE determine that the allocated radio resourcesare not properly arranged, i.e., do not meet the single carrier propertydescribed above for each of the transmission time intervals, the UE mayskip the respective SCI and/or data transmission for the SL process witha lower ranked logical channel priority of the SL transmission, or theUE may to skip the respective SCI and/or data transmission for the SLprocess with a lower ranked resource pool with which the SL process isassociated.

The logical channel priority refers to the data transmission part of theSL transmission. Further, the resource pool ranking also establishes apriority for the data transmission part of the SL transmission. Further,skipping of separate transmissions is generally negligible to the systemperformance, as each of the resource pools provides for numerousretransmissions as described above.

In summary, this advantageous implementation enforces a compatibility ofthe plurality of SL transmissions with the SC-FDMA scheme by thetransmitting UE when performing a plurality of SL transmissions within asame SC period, each of the SL transmissions being directed to one ormore receiving UEs. Thereby, it can be avoided to define compatibilitiesbetween the autonomously selected SL grants from the different resourcepools.

It should be noted that skipping some of the respective SCI and/or datatransmission might be also necessary for the eNB controlled resourceallocation mode (mode 1) in case the SL grants issued by the eNB maylead to that within the SC period the allocated radio resources arearranged for plural SL transmissions within a same sub-frame.

Hardware and Software Implementation of the Present Disclosure

Other exemplary embodiments relate to the implementation of the abovedescribed various embodiments using hardware, software, or software incooperation with hardware. In this connection, a user terminal (mobileterminal) and an eNodeB (base station) are provided. The user terminaland base station are adapted to perform the methods described herein,including corresponding entities to participate appropriately in themethods, such as receiver, transmitter, processors.

It is further recognized that the various embodiments may be implementedor performed using computing devices (processors). A computing device orprocessor may for example be general purpose processors, digital signalprocessors (DSP), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGA) or other programmable logic devices,etc. The various embodiments may also be performed or embodied by acombination of these devices. In particular, each functional block usedin the description of each embodiment described above can be realized byan LSI as an integrated circuit. They may be individually formed aschips, or one chip may be formed so as to include a part or all of thefunctional blocks. They may include a data input and output coupledthereto. The LSI here may be referred to as an IC, a system LSI, a superLSI, or an ultra LSI depending on a difference in the degree ofintegration. However, the technique of implementing an integratedcircuit is not limited to the LSI and may be realized by using adedicated circuit or a general-purpose processor. In addition, a FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) that can be programmed after themanufacture of the LSI or a reconfigurable processor in which theconnections and the settings of circuits cells disposed inside the LSIcan be reconfigured may be used.

Further, the various embodiments may also be implemented by means ofsoftware modules, which are executed by a processor or directly inhardware. Also a combination of software modules and a hardwareimplementation may be possible. The software modules may be stored onany kind of computer readable storage media, for example RAM, EPROM,EEPROM, flash memory, registers, hard disks, CD-ROM, DVD, etc. It shouldbe further noted that the individual features of the differentembodiments may individually or in arbitrary combination be subjectmatter to another embodiment.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerousvariations and/or modifications may be made to the present disclosure asshown in the specific embodiments. The present embodiments are,therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and notrestrictive.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet areincorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of theembodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of thevarious patents, applications and publications to provide yet furtherembodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A transmitting user equipment for allocating radioresources to perform a plurality of direct sidelink, SL, transmissionsover a SL interface to one or more receiving user equipments in acommunication system, the transmitting user equipment comprising: areceiver, which, in operation, receives, for a subsequent sidelinkcontrol, SC, period, a plurality of sidelink, SL, grants in differentsubframes before the start of the subsequent SC period, wherein: each ofthe received SL grants is associated with one from among a plurality ofa maximum number of SL processes on the basis of the subframe in whichit is received, by applying an association scheme, wherein theallocation of radio resources within the SC period is restricted, forthe SC period, by the maximum number of SL processes with which thetransmitting user equipment is configured, each of the maximum number ofSL processes is associated with SL grants from a set of differentsubframes, and each of the subframes in the set is offset from oneanother by a defined number of subframes; circuitry, which, inoperation, associates each of the plurality of the maximum number of SLprocesses with that one SL grant, which is received in the respectiveset of different subframes and which has most recently been receivedbefore the start of the subsequent SC period and allocates, for each ofthe plurality of the SL processes, radio resources within the subsequentSC period according to the SL grant, with which the respective SLprocess is associated, for performing one of the plurality of SLtransmissions to one or more receiving user equipments; and atransmitter, which, in operation, performs each of the plurality of SLtransmissions comprises at least one sidelink control information, SCI,transmission and at least one data transmission over the SL interface.21. The transmitting user equipment according to claim 20, wherein thedefined number of subframes corresponds to the maximum number of SLprocesses with which the transmitting user equipment is configured. 22.The transmitting user equipment according to claim 20, wherein SL grantsare only received for the subsequent SC period until 4 subframes beforethe start of the SC period.
 23. The transmitting user equipmentaccording to claim 20, wherein each of the plurality of SL processes isre-initialized before the start of an SC period to thereafter allow itsassociation with SL grants for a sub-subsequent SC period.
 24. Thetransmitting user equipment according to claim 23, wherein each of theplurality of SL processes is re-initialized 3 subframes before the startof an SC period.
 25. The transmitting user equipment according to claim20, wherein the circuitry, in operation, performs, for each of theplurality of SL processes associated with a SL grant, a logical channelprioritization, LCP, procedure.
 26. The transmitting user equipmentaccording to claim 25 wherein performing each of the plurality of LCPprocedures includes identifying different destination Group IDs used forperforming the plurality of SL transmissions to one or more receivinguser equipments.
 27. A method for allocating radio resources for atransmitting user equipment to perform a plurality of direct sidelink,SL, transmissions over a SL interface to one or more receiving userequipments in a communication system, the method comprising thefollowing steps performed by the transmitting user equipment: receiving,for a subsequent sidelink control, SC, period, a plurality of sidelink,SL, grants in different subframes before the start of the subsequent SCperiod, wherein: each of the received SL grants is associated with onefrom among a plurality of a maximum number of SL processes on the basisof the subframe in which it is received, by applying an associationscheme, wherein the allocation of radio resources within a sidelinkcontrol, SC, period is restricted, for the SC period, by a maximumnumber of SL processes with which the transmitting user equipment isconfigured, each of the maximum number of SL processes is associatedwith SL grants from a set of different subframes, and each of thesubframes in the set is offset from one another by a defined number ofsubframes; associating each of the plurality of the maximum number of SLprocesses with that one SL grant, which is acquired in the respectiveset of different subframes and which has most recently been receivedbefore the start of the subsequent SC period; and, for each of theplurality of the SL processes, allocating radio resources within thesubsequent SC period according to the SL grant, with which therespective SL process is associated, for performing one of the pluralityof SL transmissions to one or more receiving user equipments, whereineach of the plurality of SL transmissions comprises at least onesidelink control information, SCI, transmission and at least one datatransmission over the SL interface.
 28. The method according to claim27, wherein the defined number of subframes corresponds to the maximumnumber of SL processes with which the transmitting user equipment isconfigured.
 29. The method according claim 27, wherein SL grants areonly acquired for the subsequent SC period until 4 subframes before thestart of the SC period.
 30. The method according to claim 27, whereineach of the plurality of SL processes is re-initialized before the startof an SC period to thereafter allow its association with SL grants for asub-subsequent SC period.
 31. The method according to claim 30, whereineach of the plurality of SL processes is re-initialized 3 subframesbefore the start of an SC period.
 32. The method according to claim 27,wherein the steps include a step of performing, for each of theplurality of SL processes associated with a SL grant, a logical channelprioritization, LCP, procedure.
 33. The method according to claim 32,wherein performing each of the plurality of LCP procedures includesidentifying different destination Group IDs used for performing theplurality of SL transmissions to one or more receiving user equipments.